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1
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Cigarette smoking by young people attending health promoting schools – selected causes and structure

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Grochowska A., Cupak I. B., Majda A.
Long-Term Care Nursing
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2020
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vol. 5
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issue 3
191-205
EN
Aim Smoking among young people is becoming an increasingly serious problem. The solution to the problems related to smoking can be brought about by the constant reconstruction of behavior patterns, a systematic change of customs and cultural patterns, included in the educational anti-smoking programs of Health Promoting Schools. The aim was to evaluate the structure of cigarette smoking, the demographic and environmental factors that determine smoking among young people. Material and methods The study was conducted in five Health Promoting Schools in Tarnow (Junior High School, High School). 663 students from five schools participated in the study, age 13-18. The study has been conducted two Times among the same sample: when the participants started school and in the end of education. The students completed an author`s questionnaire based on the HBSC report. Results Cigarette smoking was declared by 32.0% of the students in the first study (boys – S=1,15; SD=0,36; girls – S=1,12, SD=0,32). In the second study, cigarette smoking was declared by 37.3% (boys – S=1,3, SD=0,36; girls – S=1,18; SD=0,39). Boys have ever smoked significantly more often than girls (1st study – p=0.0131, 2nd study – p=0.0028). There were statistically significantly more people living in rural areas and smoking cigarettes (28.5%) compared to people living in urban areas (19.9%) (p=0.006). During school education, both boys and girls increased the number of cigarettes smoked and the frequency of smoking. Conclusions The health promoting schools surveyed failed to delay and prevent tobacco initiation among adolescents. Effective prophylaxis cannot be implemented also without the support of parents.
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Psychological aspects of the quality of life of patients in long-term inpatient care

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Augustyn E., Grochowska A., Łabuzek M., Mika M.
Long-Term Care Nursing
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2020
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vol. 5
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issue 3
175-190
EN
Aim The objective of the study was to assess psychological aspects of the quality of life of patients in long-term stationary care. Material and methods The research was carried out from December 2018 to February 2019. The study was conducted among 92 patients of the Nursing and Care Institution. The research method was a diagnostic survey, while the research technique was a survey. The research tools were the author's questionnaire and the Beck’s Depression Scale. The results obtained from the questionnaires were subjected to statistical analysis. The differences between the variables were verified using the chi-square independence test and the Kruskal-Wallis test, assuming a significance level of p<0.05. Results The occurrence of depression in the respondents was assessed using the Beck Depression Scale. Lack of depression was found in 40.2% of the respondents, mild depression in 45.7% and moderate depression in 14.1%. Analysis of the research showed that the marital status of the respondents significantly affected their incidence of depression. It was found that moderate depression was 38.4% more common (p=0.0409). The most numerous group of respondents were respondents, who often experienced anxiety (80.4%) and irritability (56.5%). The most common situations causing irritability and anxiety in subjects is lack of independence (53.3%), which has a significant impact on the feeling of loneliness among the subjects. Conclusions The most common situations causing irritability and anxiety in subjects result from a lack of independence, which affects their sense of loneliness. Subjects who did not spend time among other patients more often felt helpless and confused.
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Postrzeganie osób niepełnosprawnych w społeczeństwie

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Machalski D., Kołpa M., Grochowska A.
Health Promotion & Physical Activity
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2019
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vol. 9
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issue 4
40-45
EN
Introduction: For many years, people with disabilities have been treated as people who cannot participate in society and are therefore discriminated against. At present, however, the attitude towards people with disabilities is changing. The aim of the study was to assess the perception of disabled people by healthy people. Material and method: The applied research technique was a quantitative method - a diagnostic survey. The research technique used was a survey among 400 patients of POZ from April to August 2019. The original questionnaire contained 28 closed questions. Results: According to the respondents, 66% believe that sick people are discriminated against in society. Almost all respondents (97%) believe that the sick should participate in social life, while almost half (48%) believe that the disabled should be given special care and assistance. Conclusions: Women are more likely to believe that people with disabilities are discriminated against. They also feel more strongly that they should be given special care and assistance. The age of respondents influences the attitude of kindness towards people with disabilities. Empathy towards people with disabilities increases with the level of education of respondents and with the level of religiousne
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The quality of placements during the pandemic and the applicable sanitary regime as assessed by physiotherapy students from Poland

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Jankowicz-Szymańska A., Stefanowicz-Kocoł A., Grochowska A.
Health Promotion & Physical Activity
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2022
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vol. 19
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issue 2
1-10
PL
Wprowadzenie: Pandemia COVID-19 i związane z nią rygory sanitarne stanowią duże wyzwanie dla uczelni przygotowujących młodzież do pracy w zawodach medycznych i okołomedycznych, w tym w zawodzie fizjoterapeuty. Szczególnie trudne jest przeprowadzenie praktyk, podczas których zarówno studenci i pracownicy placówki, jak i pacjenci będą mieli zapewnione maksymalne bezpieczeństwo, ale jednocześnie zachowane zostaną wysokie standardy kształcenia. Celem pracy była ocena ewentualnych zmian w jakości praktyk zawodowych, jakie mogły nastąpić w czasie pandemii COVID-19 i obowiązującego reżimu sanitarnego. Materiał i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono w październiku 2021 roku wśród 67 studentów fizjoterapii Akademii Nauk Stosowanych w Tarnowie. W próbie znalazły się zarówno kobiety (n = 49), jak i mężczyźni (n = 18), którzy odbyli co najmniej jeden pełny staż zawodowy przed wybuchem pandemii oraz co najmniej jeden pełny staż zawodowy w trakcie pandemii. Studenci dobrowolnie wypełniali specjalnie skonstruowany elektroniczny kwestionariusz, w którym odpowiadali na 20 pytań dotyczących warunków odbywania praktyk, współpracy z personelem placówki, atmosfery panującej w miejscu praktyki oraz zdobytych tam umiejętności. Określali w skali od 1 do 5 (1 – zdecydowanie zmieniły się na korzyść, 5 – zdecydowanie zmieniły się na niekorzyść), jak zmieniły się praktyki zawodowe w związku z pandemią i reżimem sanitarnym. Studenci mogli również dodać swoje uwagi w postaci rekomendacji mających na celu poprawę jakości praktyk. Zostali do tego zaproszeni za pomocą następującego stwierdzenia: Podaj przykład praktycznego rozwiązania, które przyczyniłoby się do poprawy jakości praktyk. Wyniki: Według respondentów najbardziej niekorzystne zmiany w jakości praktyk spowodowane pandemią to: zwiększony stres związany z praktykami, gorsze warunki do nauki diagnozowania i planowania terapii, ograniczone możliwości poznania nowoczesnych metod terapii oraz ograniczone możliwości bezpośredniej pracy z pacjentem. Respondenci zauważyli również pozytywne zmiany w jakości praktyk. Były to możliwość pracy w małej grupie, lepsza atmosfera w placówce, większa pomoc ze strony personelu oraz lepsze zapoznanie się z miejscem stażu. Wnioski: Pandemia przyniosła zarówno pozytywne, jak i negatywne zmiany w jakości praktyk. Monitorowanie jakości praktyk i badanie opinii studentów jest bardzo ważnym narzędziem w podnoszeniu jakości kształcenia. Warto przeprowadzać dodatkowe badania jakości, aby mieć świadomość ewentualnych zmian w jakości praktyk wywołanych trudnymi sytuacjami. Interesujące było również zauważenie, że studenci oczekują, że niektóre zmiany związane z reżimem sanitarnym utrzymają się po zakończeniu pandemii.
EN
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic and the related sanitary rigour pose a great challenge for universities preparing young people to work in medical and medicine-related professions, including the profession of a physiotherapist. It is particularly difficult to conduct placements, during which both students and employees of the institution as well as patients will be provided with maximum safety, but at the same time high standards of education will be maintained. The aim of the study was to assess possible changes in the quality of placements that might have occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic and the applicable sanitary regime. Material and methods: The study was conducted in October 2021 among 67 students of physiotherapy at the University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, Poland. The sample consisted of both women (n = 49) and men (n = 18) who had completed at least one full work placement prior to the outbreak of the pandemic and at least one full work placement during the pandemic. Students voluntarily filled in a purpose-built electronic questionnaire, in which they responded to 20 questions referring the conditions of placements, cooperation with staff, the atmosphere in the institution and the skills acquired there. They determined on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 – has definitely changed in favour, 5 – has definitely changed in an unfavourable way), how professional practices have changed due to the pandemic and the sanitary regime. Students could also add their comments in the form of recommendations aimed at improving the quality of placements. They were invited to do it with the following statement: Provide an example of a practical solution that would help improve the quality of placements. Results: According to the respondents, the most unfavourable changes in the quality of placements caused by the pandemic are: increased stress related to placements, worse conditions for learning how to diagnose and plan therapy, limited opportunities to learn about modern methods of therapy and limited opportunities to work directly with the patient. The respondents also noticed positive changes in the quality of placements. These were the opportunity to work in a small group, a better atmosphere in the institution, more help from the staff and better familiarization with the place of the placement. Conclusions: The pandemic has brought both positive and negative changes in the quality of placements. Monitoring the quality of placements and surveying students’ opinions is a very important tool in improving the quality of education. It is worthwhile to carry out extra quality control studies at times of change to be aware of possible changes in the quality of placements induced by such challenging situations. It was also interesting to notice that students expect some of the changes related to the sanitary regime to persist after the pandemic has ended.
5
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Quality of life of patients after total and subtotal thyroidectomy

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Król A., Grochowska A., Bodys-Cupak I., Łabuzek M., Kołpa M.
Health Promotion & Physical Activity
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2020
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vol. 12
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issue 3
29-39
PL
Wprowadzenie: Choroby tarczycy, zwłaszcza te, które wymagają leczenia operacyjnego są niezwykle silnym bodźcem emocjonalnym dla chorego. Wywołują one nie tylko dolegliwości lękowe, ale także w przypadku powikłań (zwłaszcza tych długotrwałych) mogą generować nawet zaburzenia depresyjne, bądź w znaczący sposób wpływać na samoocenę pacjenta, a tym samym jego funkcjonowanie na płaszczyźnie społecznej. Cel pracy: Celem pracy było zbadanie jakości życia pacjentów, którzy poddani byli zabiegowi strumektomii tak totalnej jak i subtotalnej. Materiał i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono w grupie 102 pacjentów poddanych operacji w Oddziale Chirurgii Ogólnej Szpitala im. Św. Łukasza w Tarnowie w okresie od grudnia 2018 roku do kwietnia 2019 roku, a także mieszkańców Małopolski, którzy mieli wykonaną tyreodektomię. W badaniach wykorzystano kwestionariusz ThyPROpl, skalę VAS, a także ankietę autorską. Wyniki: Najczęstszymi powikłaniami strumektomii były mrowienie i drętwienie wokół ust oraz kończynach (42,2%). Pacjenci, u których występowały objawy tężyczki posiadali obniżoną percepcję jakości życia i zdrowia, a także jakość życia we wszystkich jego dziedzinach. Ponadto ankietowani posiadali zdegradowaną obniżoną jakość życia w zakresie negatywnego wpływu choroby na życie (62,01) oraz zmęczenia (56,23). Im większe było natężenie bólu, tym niższa była jakość życia pacjentów po strumektomii. Wnioski: Istnieje związek pomiędzy jakością życia badanych po strumektomii a liczbą powikłań, stopniem nasilenia dolegliwości bólowych. Zależność ta jest wprost proporcjonalna.
EN
Introduction: Thyroid diseases, especially those that require surgical treatment, are an extremely strong emotional stimulus for the patient. They evoke not only anxiety disorders, but also in the case of complications (especially those long-lasting) can even generate depressive disorders, or significantly affect the patient’s self-esteem, and thus its functioning at the social level. Aim of the study: The objective of the study was to examine the quality of life of patients who underwent surgical treatment of total and subtotal thyroidectomy. Material and methods: The study was conducted in a group of 102 patients undergoing surgery at the General Surgery Ward of the Hospital. St. Łukasz in Tarnów in the period from December 2018 to April 2019, as well as residents of Małopolska, who had performed thyroidectomy. In research have been used ThyPROpl, VAS Scale, and self-prepared questionnaires. Results: The most common complications of thyroidectomy were tingling and numbness around the mouth and limbs (42.2%). Patients who had symptoms of tetany had a reduced perception of quality of life and health, as well as the quality of life in all its areas. The respondents had a degraded, reduced quality of life in terms of the negative impact of the disease on life (62.01) and fatigue (56.23). The greater the intensity of pain, the lower the quality of life of patients after thyroidectomy. Conclusions: There is the relationship between the quality of life and the number of complications, as well as the severity of pain. This dependence is directly proportional.
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Comparison of the quality of life of geriatric patients staying in care and greatment institutions with elderly people living with their families or alone

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Kuś J., Grochowska A., Kołpa M., Łabuzek M., Kubik B.
Long-Term Care Nursing
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2020
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vol. 5
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issue 2
87-103
EN
Aim Ageing is a natural and unavoidable phenomenon of a global nature. With age, the phenomenon of multiple disease and occurrence of various disabilities increases. Without a doubt, it is one of numerous factors influencing the quality of life, which is a highly complex term. Comparison of the quality of life of geriatric patients staying in care and treatment institutions with elderly people living with their families or alone was the aim of the study. Material and methods The study was conducted in a group of 102 persons for the period of three months. For the purpose of the study the following tools were used: WHOQOL-BREF scale, Katz scale, Norton scale and Geriatric Depression Scale. Verification of the differences between the variables was performed with the χ2 independence test and with Mann-Whitney test. Significance level of p<0.05 was assumed. Results Persons remaining in institution (47.1%) and living in a house/apartment (49.9%) rated their quality of life at a similar level. Among the persons remaining in the long-term care institution, these were more commonly the individuals with considerable level of disability (60.4%). Persons with moderate disability (42.6%) and fully fit (44.4%) more frequently live with a family or alone. In CTI patients, a higher risk of pressure ulcers occurred and it was 64.6%. The occurrence of depression among seniors is not significantly influenced by the method and location of their residence. Conclusions The quality of life of persons remaining in long-term care facilities is very similar to the quality of life of seniors who reside with family or alone.
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A simulation structure for nursing education in mental health

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Grochowska A., Kero J., Teeri S., Alinen P., Kołpa M., Cunnigham S., Lillo-Crespo M., Schembri N., Abanifi P. F., Pesonen H.-M., Kukkola A., Prest A., Stefanowicz-Kocoł A., Felliciano S.
Health Promotion & Physical Activity
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2023
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vol. 23
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issue 2
13-20
EN
The aim of the paper is to present a structure for nursing education simulation that incorporates elements of blended and online simulation in a socially constructivist, culturally sensitive environment. To develop the structure for nursing education, a descriptive literature review was conducted in spring 2022 on simulations implemented in mental health nursing education. Nurses require the skills and knowledge to provide mental health care in every area of health care. According to the descriptive literature review, simulation-based learning such as high-fidelity mental health simulation resulted in increased confidence, knowledge gains and improved communication skills. Simulation is a wide concept and allows nurse lecturers to implement the pedagogy as they see it best. The simulation structure helps especially beginners to follow the simulation as a process. The structure eases the planning phase as well as the debriefing part of the simulation. As it has been shown in the analysis of the literature simulation can be effectively implemented in a blended and / or online environment. It is expected that in the future, simulation games and virtual, online simulations will be more typical ways to conduct a simulation. 
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