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Biochemical Effects of Tramadol Administration on Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin During Sub-Chronic Alcoholic Beverage (Lager beer) Consumption in Wistar Rats

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Ekpo E. B., Ekam V. S., Omoogun O. A., Archibong M. O., Ekpo E. B.

World News of Natural Sciences

2025

vol. 63

issue 2

341-355

The study investigated Tramadol, a pain-relieving drug used for the management of moderate to severe pain in adults. When used continuously over a long period of time, in combination with substances like alcohol, or in overdose, it results in serious health challenges. This study is aimed at determining the biochemical effects of Tramadol administration during sub-chronic alcoholic beverage (lager beer) administration in mature Wistar rats. Twenty-four (24) male adult Wistar rats weighing an average of 120 g were obtained and divided into four groups of six rats each. Group one, the normal control, received 0.5 ml of water; group two received Tramadol (1.43 mg/kg b.w.); group three was given lager beer (34.29 ml/kg b.w.); and group four was given a combination of Tramadol + lager beer (1.43 mg/kg + 34.29 ml/kg b.w.) orally. The administration was done once daily for 21 days. At the end of the 21 days, the animals were fasted overnight, weighed, and anaesthetized using ketamine, then dissected. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture into plain tubes, allowed to stand for 2 hours, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum used for biochemical assays. The results obtained showed a reduction in growth and body weight increase in the administered groups compared to the control. Globulin and protein concentrations reduced in the Tramadol-only group, while albumin reduced in all the groups compared to the control. Significant increases in serum globulin levels were recorded in the groups treated with lager beer and Tramadol + lager beer compared to the group treated with Tramadol alone. In conclusion, the toxic effects of Tramadol are enhanced when administered in combination with sub-chronic alcoholic beverage (lager beer) administration in Wistar rats.

In Silico Characterization of Immunoglobulins in Selected Teleost Species

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Ekpo E. B., Ekei V. I., Ekerette E. E., Ekpo E. B., Omoogun O. A.

World News of Natural Sciences

2025

vol. 63

issue 2

477-490

Immunoglobulins are highly specialized glycoproteins that can recognize a great variety of antigens from bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing organisms and recruit other cells and molecules to destroy these pathogens. This research is aimed at characterizing immunoglobulin among related teleost species using an in-silico approach. Nucleotide sequences of the immunoglobulin gene from different teleost species were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website, and multiple sequence alignment was conducted using ClustalW in MEGA 11 to evaluate similarities and differences among the retrieved sequences. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to infer evolutionary relationships among the species based on their immunoglobulin gene sequences. Pairwise genetic distance analysis was also conducted; both analyses were carried out in MEGA 11. The evolutionary relationship among the sequences, executed using the maximum likelihood method, generated a consensus tree from 500 bootstrap replications with two clusters of almost equal size: the larger cluster has 14 sequences, while the smaller has 12 sequences. The values for pairwise genetic distance range between 0.00 and 0.72. Moreover, the genetic distance is relatively small when sequences 19 to 26 pair up, having values in the range of 0.00 to 0.22. Conversely, pairwise comparison outside that range is dominated by values above 0.60. This research reveals that variations that occur in the immunoglobulin gene are high in most species. Furthermore, this in silico analysis is an innovative approach that can significantly impact the formulation of antibodies with great specificity and potency against diseases.

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2 World News of Natural Sciences

2 2025

2 Ekpo E. B.

2 Omoogun O. A.

1 Archibong M. O.

1 Ekam V. S.

1 Ekei V. I.

1 Ekerette E. E.

Search results

Biochemical Effects of Tramadol Administration on Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin During Sub-Chronic Alcoholic Beverage (Lager beer) Consumption in Wistar Rats

In Silico Characterization of Immunoglobulins in Selected Teleost Species