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EN
Introduction: Yoga is becoming increasingly popular and widely available form of physical activity. It is believed that yoga practice has a beneficial effect on the practitioner's body even with a small amount of exercise. There are also studies confirming the usefulness of yoga practice in the fight against obesity, which is a serious health problem of the 21st century. The aim of the study: Analysis of body composition of people who regularly practicing yoga, analysis of the relationship between body composition and anthropometric parameters, as well as a comparative analysis with people not related to yoga practice. Material and methods: The study ultimately included 42 women who were divided into two groups. The group of yoga practitioners (G1) consisted of 21 women aged 24-59. Out of 46 tested women who did not practice yoga, 21 women were selected due to age and height as close as possible to women from group 1. Group of non participants in yoga (G2) consisted of 21 women aged 23-62. The body composition was performed using TANITA BC 420 SMA analyzer, which uses BIA method. Anthropometric measurements were made using the SECA 201 measuring tape. Results: Statistically significant differences (p <0.05) between women practicing yoga, and women not related to yoga occurred in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, fat mass, muscle mass, lean body mass and total body water. Women who practice yoga had lower BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference than women in second group. Interestingly, only 10% of women practicing yoga expressed their intention to reduce weight, in non yoga practitioners it was 81% of women. Conclusions: The results show that people practicing yoga are characterized by normal body weight and waist circumference, and they have lower body fat content and BMI index compared to nonpractitioners. In addition, it can be stated that regular yoga practice contributes to a better body perception.
EN
WSTĘP: Termodynamiczny formalizm Kedem-Katchalsky’ego (K-K) i termodynamika sieciowa Peusnera (PNT) należą do podstawowych narzędzi badawczych transportu membranowego. Produkcja S-entropii, określająca szybkość zmian entropii układu membranowego, jest jedną z podstawowych wielkości służących do oceny nieodwracalności procesów transportu masy, energii i pędu. Jej miarą jest natężenie źródła S-entropii. MATERIAŁ I METODY: Przedmiotem badań była membrana z celulozy bakteryjnej (Biofill) o znanych parametrach transportowych (Lp, σ, ω) dla wodnych roztworów glukozy, a metodą badawczą – formalizmy K-K i PNT dla binarnych roztworów nieelektrolitów. WYNIKI: Na gruncie liniowej termodynamiki nierównowagowej Onsagera i termodynamiki sieciowej Peusnera opisano natężenie źródła S-entropii układu membranowego, w którym generowane są strumienie objętościowe (Jv*) i dyfuzyjne (Js*) roztworów nieelektrolitów przez siły osmotyczne (Δπ/ ) i hydrostatyczne (ΔP). Wyprowadzono formuły opisujące natężenia źródła S-entropii dla warunków polaryzacji stężeniowej, *(S), oraz dla warunków jednorodności roztworów – (S). Aby pokazać, jaki jest wpływ polaryzacji stężeniowej na wartość natężenia źródła S-entropii, obliczono współczynnik  = *(S)/ (S). Wyniki obliczeń numerycznych zależności  *(S) = f(∆P,△π/ ),  (S) = f(∆P,△π/ ) oraz  = f(∆P,△π/ ), wykonane na podstawie otrzymanych zależności matematycznych za pomocą programu Mathcad Prime 3.0, zilustrowano graficznie w postaci różnego typu zakrzywionych powierzchni. WNIOSKI: Polaryzacja stężeniowa membrany w istotny sposób redukuje produkcję entropii w układzie membranowym, co egzemplifikuje zależność  = f(∆P,△π/ ). Dla membran o większych wartościach współczynników trans-portowych produkcja entropii w układzie jest większa, przy czym wpływ polaryzacji stężeniowej na działanie układu jest tym większy, im większa jest wartość bodźca ∆P.
PL
INTRODUCTION: Kedem-Katchalsky thermodynamic formalism (K-K) and Peusner network thermodynamics (PNT) belong to the basic research tools of membrane transport. The production of S-entropy, specifying the rate of change of entropy of the membrane system, is one of the basic values for assessing the irreversibility of mass, energy and momentum transport processes. It is a measure S-entropy intensity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A bacterial cellulose membrane (Biofill) with known transport parameters (Lp, σ, ω), for aqueous solutions of glucose was the subject of research. The research methods were K-K and PNT formalisms for binary non-electrolyte solutions. RESULTS: On the basis of Onsager linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics and Peusner network thermodynamics, the S-entropy intensity of the membrane was described for non-electrolyte solutions. In this membrane system volume (Jv*) and diffusion (Js*) fluxes are generated by osmotic (Δπ/ ) and hydrostatic (ΔP) forces. The formulas describing the intensity of the S-entropy source for concentration polarization conditions *(S) and for solution homogeneity conditions – by (S) were derived. In order to show how concentration polarization influences S-entropy intensity, coefficient  = *(S)/ (S) was calculated. The results of numerical calculations of dependencies *(S) = f(∆P,△π/ ), (S) = f(∆P,△π/ ) and  = f(∆P,△π/ ), calculated on the basis of the received mathematical equations by means of Mathcad Prime 3.0, are illustrated graphically in the form of va-rious types of curved surfaces. CONCLUSION: The concentration polarization of the membrane significantly influences the production of entropy in the membrane system by reducing it. For membranes with larger transport coefficient values, entropy production in the membrane system is greater. The influence of concentration polarization on the membrane system is greater for greater ∆P values.
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