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1
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POSTURE DEFECTS OF STUDENTS IN GRADES 1–4 OF MUSIC ORIENTED CLASSES IN PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLEX NO. 2 IN SZCZECIN

100%
Wilk K.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2013
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vol. 4
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issue 4
39-51
EN
The aim of the research was to establish whether the children between the ages of 7 and 10 years, attending Grades 1-4 of music oriented and general education classes, suffered from posture defects. The research material included 214 children aged 7-11 of the Primary School Complex No. 2 in Szczecin. There were 101 children examined in the music oriented classes, including 51 (50,5 %) girls and 50 (49,5 %) boys. In the school year 2006/2007, the research was conducted twice, including the same research material – first in September 2006, second in June 2007 accordingly. Body surface topography method, based on the technique of spatial photogrammetry, was used to evaluate body posture. The research included the analysis of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis angle in the sagittal plane. The results of independent research showed that proper posture in the sagittal plane was present in 62% girls and 71% boys from music oriented classes, as well as 73% and 75% in controls accordingly. Rounded back was characteristic for 31% girls and 25% boys from music oriented classes, as well as 14% and 16% in controls. Flat back was visible in 6% female musicians and 12% controls, with 4% boys and 13% controls accordingly. Based on the conducted research, the following results were formulated: 1. Physiological spinal curvatures of children in music oriented classes were more serious in comparison with peer controls. 2. Posture defects were more common in girls in music oriented classes, compared to controls. 3. The incidence of posture defects in boys in music oriented classes and controls was parallel. 4. The national curriculum program of study for PE in music oriented classes should be modified and complemented with exercises strengthening trunk muscles and increasing the range of motion in shoulder and pelvic girdles.
2
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THE EVALUATION OF MOTOR SKILLS OF I-IV GRADE MUSIC-ORIENTED MALE STUDENTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLEX NO 2 IN SZCZECIN

63%
Wilk K., Eider P.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 6
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issue 2
45-58
EN
The aim of the research was to establish the motor efficiency of boys between the ages of 7 and 10 years, attending Grades 1-4 of music oriented and general education classes. The research material included 106 boys aged 7-10 of the Primary School Complex No. 2 in Szczecin. There were 50 children examined in the music oriented classes, and 56 in control group. The research was conducted twice in the school year 2006/2007, including the same research material – first in September 2006, second in June 2007 accordingly. To evaluate the level of motor skills the EUROFIT European Fitness Test was used. Test results were statistically analyzed. The Utenberger’s test resulted in statistically significant better results of boys from the Grade 1 of control group (C) compared to their peers from Grade 1 of music oriented classes. In research II, only boys of Grades 1-2 M had statistically significant results improvement in the Utenberger’s test in comparison with research I. In research II, male students of Grades 1, 2, 3 M acquired statistically significant better results in the speed test of the upper limb than their peers of Grades 1 C, 2 C, 4 C. Moreover, in study II the subjected individuals of Grades 1 M, 2 M, 4 M and 4 C obtained statistically significant increase in their results in comparison with study I. Trunk flexibility of male students from music-oriented classes and control group was in line; the same was true for the jump test. In study II, trunk flexibility and endurance in jumping insignificantly improved in all examined classes. In the study, boys from Grade 4 M, obtained statistically more significant average hand strength results compared to their peers from Grade 4 C. In study II, boys from Grades 1 and 2 M obtained statistically significantly lower average values in this test in comparison with boys from Grades 1 and 2 C. In study II, unlike in study 1, there was a statistically significant improvement in the test results only in boys from Grades 3 and 4 M. In contrary, there was a statistically significant improvement of hand strength results in all grades of control groups compared to study I. In trunk flexibility test, boys from Grade 1 M had statistically lower mean values than boys from Grade 1 C. In the same study, boys from grades 3 and 4 M had statistically significantly higher average values than their peers from Grades 3 and 4 C. In study II, statistically significant differences were found between Grades 3 M and 3 P as well as between 4 M and 4 P. In study II, in Grades 1 C and 2 M, there was a statistically significant results improvement compared to study I. Functional capacity of boys from all subjected classes was similar in both studies. In study II, statistically significant improvement in this test was found only in Grade 2 M. In agility fitness test, in study II, boys from Grade 4 M had statistically significantly better results opposed to Grade 4 C. It turned out that boys from grades 1 M, 2 M, and 3 C, had statistically significant results improvement in study II compared to study I. Based on the conducted studies, the following conclusions have been formulated: 1. Motor efficiency of boys from music-oriented as well as control classes was comparable. 2. Practicing musical instruments at the early education stage did not have any significant influence on the general motor efficiency of male pupils. 3. As part of preventive measures of degenerative overload changes of the motor system in music-oriented classes, the national curriculum program of study for PE should be modified and supplemented with exercises strengthening trunk muscles and increasing the range of motion in the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
3
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Changes in Motor Skills of Children who Train Sports Swimming at the Initial Stage of School Education (in an Annual Training Cycle)

51%
Eider P., Wilk K., Tarnowski M., Terczyński R.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 4
93-105
EN
This paper presents an empirical approach to the changes in motor skills of children who train sports swimming at the initial stage of school education in an annual training cycle. Swimming belongs to the disciplines in which training starts at the age of 6-7. The proper selection of candidates to train certain disciplines is a complex process as they should be chosen from a large population of children, both girls and boys, having specific somatic and motor characteristics which, developed in the long-term, will enable them to achieve sports mastery. The aim of the research was to define which changes in motor skills occur in girls who train sports Aim: swimming in an annual training cycle. The Subject group consisted of 85 girls aged 7 who attended four elementary schools in Szczecin, Poland. 36 of them belonged to the Swimmers group and they were all members of the Municipal Swimming Club (MKP) in Szczecin. The Control group consisted of 49 girls who attended the same elementary schools. All subjects took part in two examinations (carried out in the school year 2009/2010. Physical ability tests were conducted in gyms. Motor skills were assessed with EUROFIT Test Battery which is the most reliable and accurate tool according to scientific research. The research revealed changes in both groups (Sw, C) in terms of all eight tests. Examination II proved statistically significant improvement of results in both groups (Sw, C) in comparison to Examination I. Changes between Examination I and Examination II results were most visible in the Swimmers groups in terms of balance, agility, static strength, functional strength and agility run. Changes between Examination I and Examination II were similar in both groups (Sw, C) in terms of speed of limb movement, explosive strength and torso strength. Progressive changes in motor skill of subjects are a positive phenomenon in the physical development of a child. Swimming training resulted significantly in positive changes in terms of motor skills of subject who were at the initial stage of swimming trainings, compared to their non-training peers. Participation in organized, regular sports classes results in the development of motor (physical) skills of children.
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