As of 1 April 2026, the PSJD database will become an archive and will no longer accept new data. Current publications from Polish scientific journals are available through the Library of Science: https://bibliotekanauki.pl
Hormonal factors, atopy, viral infections, gastroesophageal reflux, ischemic heart disease and swimming in a pool are believed to affect the development of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). It is suggested that patients with PANDO have more advanced inflammatory lesions revealed by the tomographic examination of the paranasal sinuses. The authors’ aim was to answer the question whether there is a connection between the chronic inflammation and disruption of the microbiome of the nasal cavity and sinuses and the development of inflammation in the lacrimal ducts. Pubmed.gov was the information source. Years reviewed included 2018 to 2023. Inclusion criteria included presence of an abstract, pathology of the nasolacrimal ducts, acute and chronic inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts, papers written in English, studies on humans, publications regarding pathology of the lacrimal sac and paranasal sinuses, case report. The exclusion criteria included: lack of abstract, pathologies of other sections of the drainage system, pathology of the nasolacrimal ducts, other than chronic or acute inflammation, papers written in a language other than English, lack of case report. No gender criterion was used. Based on the data available in the literature, only 7 studies described the co-occurrence of pathologies of the lacrimal ducts and paranasal sinuses. Only 4 publications contained information on the microbiome and identified Streptococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus, and in 2 cases no increase in pathological flora was revealed. The question about the relationship between the microbiome of the lacrimal sac and the paranasal sinuses and their mutual impact on the developing inflammation has not been answered, which, according to the authors, requires further research.
Wstęp: Przewlekłe zapalenie migdałków podniebiennych jest jednostką chorobową o niewyjaśnionej w pełni etiopatogenezie. Powszechnie uważa się, że główną przyczyną przewlekłego stanu zapalnego migdałków jest zakażenie bakteriami i wirusami oraz reakcje autoimmunologiczne. Ponadto wskazuje się, że w etiologii mogą odgrywać również rolę: niezbilansowana dieta, odporność humoralna oraz czynniki genetyczne. Fikoliny są białkami biorącymi udział we wrodzonej odpowiedzi immunologicznej. U człowieka zidentyfikowano trzy typy tych białek: fikolinę 1, fikolinę 2 oraz fikolinę 3. Ekspresja fikoliny 2 zachodzi pod kontrolą genu FCN2, zlokalizowanego na chromosomie 9q34. W dostępnym piśmiennictwie przedstawiono dotychczas badania dotyczące kilku polimorfizmów genu FCN2 (np.: rs3124952, rs3124953, rs17514136, rs3128626, rs3128625, rs7037264, rs7041446, rs17549193, rs7851696). Analizy dotyczyły różnych chorób o charakterze zakaźnym lub autoimmunologicznym, w tym zakażenia dróg oddechowych. Cel: Celem badania było określenie znaczenia SNP rs7851696 oraz rs7865453 genu FCN2 w grupie pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem migdałków podniebiennych. Materiał i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono w grupie 101 pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem migdałków podniebiennych. Grupę kontrolną stanowiło 101 zdrowych osób. SNP analizowano w aparacie QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA). Reakcje zostały przeprowadzone z wykorzystaniem dwóch zestawów sond – TaqMan® Genotyping Assays (Applied Biosystems, USA), umożliwiających detekcje dwóch różnych alleli. Wyniki: Grupa badana składała się z 56 kobiet (55,5%) i 45 mężczyzn (44,5%), a mediana wieku grupy wynosiła 32 lata. Do grupy kontrolnej włączono 56 kobiet (55,45%) i 45 mężczyzn (44,55%), gdzie mediana wieku wynosiła 35 lat. Analizy statystyczne nie wykazały istotnych statystycznie różnic w rozkładzie genotypów dla obu polimorfizmów pomiędzy badanymi grupami. Wykazano natomiast związek między wiekiem a przewlekłym zapaleniem migdałków. Niższy wiek korelował dodatnio z ryzykiem zachorowania (p = 0,014). Zauważono również, iż spożywanie alkoholu korelowało ujemnie z zachorowaniem na przewlekłe zapalenie migdałków (p <0,05). Wnioski: Wyniki przeprowadzonego badania nie potwierdzają związku polimorfizmów rs7851696 i rs7865453 genu FCN2 z przewlekłym zapaleniem migdałków.
Introduction: Chronic tonsillitis is a disease with an incompletely elucidated etiopathogenesis. Can be considered that the main cause of chronic inflammation of the tonsils is bacterial and viral infections and autoimmune reactions. In addition, it is indicated that an unbalanced diet, humoral immunity and genetic factors may also play a role in the etiology. Ficolins are proteins involved in the innate immune response. Three types of these proteins have been identified in humans: ficolin 1, ficolin 2 and ficolin 3. Ficolin 2 is expressed under the control of the FCN2 gene located on chromosome 9q34. Studies on several polymorphisms of the FCN2 gene have been presented in the available literature (e.g. rs3124952, rs3124953, rs17514136, rs3128626, rs3128625, rs7037264, rs7041446, rs17549193, rs7851696). Analyses of these SNPs focused on various infectious or autoimmune diseases, including respiratory infections. Aim: The aim of the study was to find the relationship between the selected rs7851696 and rs7865453 FCN2 gene polymorphisms, and chronic tonsillitis. Material and methods: The study included 101 patients with chronic tonsillitis, whereas the control group consisted of 101 healthy individuals. Results: In the study group the median age was 32 years. There were 45 (44.5%) men and 56 (55.5%) women; 13 (12.9%) patients were smokers; 33 (32.7%) reported alcohol consumption; 10 (9.9 %) were both smokers and alcohol users. The median age of the controls was 35 years. This group comprised 45 (44.55%) men and 56 (55.45%) women, of whom 21 were smokers (20.79%), 81 were drinkers (80.19%), and 21 were both tobacco and alcohol users (20.79%). Statistical analyses showed no statistically significant differences in the distribution of genotypes for the two polymorphisms between the test groups. However, an association between age of onset and chronic tonsillitis has been demonstrated. Lower age correlated positively with disease risk (p = 0.014). It was also noted that alcohol consumption correlated negatively with the incidence of chronic tonsillitis (p <0.05). Conclusions: The results of study show no association between the polymorphisms rs7851696 and rs7865453 of the FCN2 gene and chronic tonsillitis.
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