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1
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The Effects of Acoustic Disturbance on Anaerobic Endurance in Female Volleyball Players

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Sienkiewicz-Dianzenza E., Baranowska M. B., Stupnicki R.
Human Movement
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2015
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vol. 16
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issue 1
33-35
EN
Purpose.The purpose of the study was to assess anaerobic endurance in volleyball players through repeated vertical jump performance under quiet and noisy conditions. Methods. A group of 12 female players aged 19-28 year completed six sets of eight standing vertical jump jumps; jump height and heart rate before and after the protocol were measured in quiet and noisy (fan cheering) conditions. Results. Maximum and minimum vertical jump heights were higher and intragroup differences were smaller in noisy than quiet conditions. Conclusions. Vertical jump testing, a measure of physical activity typical of volleyball, is suitable for monitoring training effects. The influence of noise typical during volleyball matches had a positive effect on player performance and anaerobic endurance.
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The Vertical Jump Height of Soccer Players after Static Overstretching

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Vasconcellos F., De Salles P., Junior A., De Mello D., Dantas E.
Human Movement
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 1
4-7
EN
Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of static overstretching on performing a vertical jump. Methods. A methodological model was used, using descriptive and comparative methods on 45 randomly selected under-15-year-old male soccer players. Three jump test measurements were taken over a period of several days, where the first measurement included a pre-test in order to familiarize the athletes with using a contact mat, where maximum vertical jump height was recorded as a control. The second measurement had the athletes perform a vertical jump after static overstretching of the lower limbs. The third test had the athletes perform another vertical jump with no overstretching as another control. Results. The results found a significant difference in vertical jump heights (Δ% = 34.1%, p < 0.05), with jumps performed after static overstretching to be much lower. Conclusions. The usage of such a static overstretching method negatively influences the vertical jump within the tested group of under-15 male soccer players.
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Effects of Different Intensities of Flexibility Training on Explosive Force

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Galdino L., Nogueira C., e Silva Galdino E., de Lima J., de Souza Vale R., Dantas E.
Human Movement
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2010
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vol. 11
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issue 2
162-166
EN
Purpose. To verify whether there are changes in the performance levels of the explosive force when the same muscle group previously underwent different intensities of flexibility training (stretch & flex). Basic procedures. The tests were performed with 25 females on three consecutive days and were preceded by a 10-minute warm-up period. First, each participant performed a maximum vertical jump on a contact platform. The jump was repeated after 10 minutes, and the first day was considered the control (C). On the second day, a routine of stretching exercises (S) was included, and on the third day, the same routine, but intensified with a maximum static stretching exercises (flexibilizing - F), was used. Main findings. The height reached in the control jump decreased by 0.17%, showing no influence on the performance when the jump happened on the same day, with a time-interval of only 10 minutes (p = 0.903). On the day of the stretching routine, there was a reduction of 3.6% (p = 0.001), and on the third day with flexibilizing, there was a 6.8% reduction (p = 0.001). A comparison of the groups showed no significant differences between them. Conclusions. The jumps after the two stretching routines were significantly lower. Submaximal or maximal (flexibilizing) stretching exercises reduced the explosive force of vertical jumps, although the differences between the training intensities were not significant.
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A comparison of mechanical parameters between the counter movement jump and drop jump in Biathletes

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Król H., Mynarski W.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 34
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issue 1
59-68
EN
The main objective of the study was to determine to what degree higher muscular activity, achieved by increased load in the extension phase (eccentric muscle action) of the vertical jump, affects the efficiency of the vertical jump. Sixteen elite biathletes participated in this investigation. The biathletes performed tests that consisted of five, single “maximal” vertical jumps (counter movement jump - CMJ) and five, single vertical jumps, in which the task was to touch a bar placed over the jumping biathletes (specific task counter movement jump - SCMJ). Then, they performed five, single drop jumps from an elevation of 0.4m (DJ). Ground reaction forces were registered using the KISTLER 9182C force platform. MVJ software was used for signal processing (Król, 1999) and enabling calculations for kinematic and kinetic parameters of the subject’s jump movements (on-line system). The results indicate that only height of the jump (h) and mean power (Pmean) during the takeoff are statistically significant. Both h and Pmean are higher in the DJ. The results of this study may indicate that elite biathletes are well adapted to eccentric work of the lower limbs, thus reaching greater values of power during the drop jump. These neuromuscular adaptive changes may allow for a more dynamic and efficient running technique.
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The Effectiveness of Different Types of Verbal Feedback on Learning Complex Movement Tasks

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Niznikowski T., Sadowski J., Mastalerz A.
Human Movement
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 2
148-153
EN
Purpose. The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of different types of verbal feedback in the learning of a complex movement task. Methods. Twenty university students took part in a six-week training course learning how to correctly execute the vertical jump. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group E&P received verbal feedback on errors made during movement execution and on how to improve, Group P obtained verbal feedback only when they correctly performed the task, and Group E was provided with verbal feedback only when an error was made. Performance was measured on three separate occasions, before the training course (pre-training), one day after (post-training) and seven days after completing the course (retention) by executing the vertical jump in front of three gymnastic judges who scored their performance on a scale of 1 to 10. Jump kinematics were also measured pre-training and post-training by recording landing force and flight time on a force platform. Results. Post-hoc comparison indicated that a significant improvement in performance was observed only in the group receiving verbal feedback on errors (E). Judges’ scores received in post-training were significantly higher than those measured pre-training (10.3 %; p < 0.0003) and further increased to 14.4 % in the retention test (p < 0.0001). Judges’ scores for the groups receiving verbal feedback on errors and correctness (E&P) and only correctness (P) improved insignificantly. Conclusions. Providing too much verbal feedback when learning the vertical jump turned out to be less effective than providing limited verbal feedback only when errors were made.
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Effects of Strength Training Combined with Specific Plyometric exercises on body composition, vertical jump height and lower limb strength development in elite male handball players: a case study

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Carvalho A., Mourão P., Abade E.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 41
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issue 1
125-132
EN
The purpose of the present study was to identify the effects of a strength training program combined with specific plyometric exercises on body composition, vertical jump (VJ) height and strength development of lower limbs in elite male handball players. A 12-week program with combined strength and specific plyometric exercises was carried out for 7 weeks. Twelve elite male handball players (age: 21.6 ± 1.73) competing in the Portuguese Major League participated in the study. Besides the anthropometric measurements, several standardized jump tests were applied to assess VJ performance together with the strength development of the lower limbs in an isokinetic setting. No significant changes were found in body circumferences and diameters. Body fat content and fat mass decreased by 16.4 and 15.7% respectively, while lean body mass increased by 2.1%. Despite small significance, there was in fact an increase in squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ) and 40 consecutive jumps after the training period (6.1, 3.8 and 6.8%, respectively). After the applied protocol, peak torque increased in lower limb extension and flexion in the majority of the movements assessed at 90°s-1. Consequently, it is possible to conclude that combining general strength-training with plyometric exercises can not only increase lower limb strength and improve VJ performance but also reduce body fat content.
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The Relationship Between Muscle Strength, Anaerobic Performance, Agility, Sprint Ability and Vertical Jump Performance in Professional Basketball Players

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Alemdaroğlu U.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 31
149-158
EN
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between isokinetic knee strength, anaerobic performance, sprinting ability, agility and vertical jump performance in first division basketball players. Twelve male first division basketball players participated in this study. The mean age was 25.1 ± 1.7 yrs; mean body height 194.8 ± 5.7 cm; mean body mass 92.3± 9.8 kg; mean PBF 10.1± 5.1; and mean VO2max 50.55 ± 6.7 ml/kg/min. Quadriceps and hamstrings were measured at 60° and 180°/s, anaerobic performance was evaluated using the Wingate anaerobic power test, sprint ability was determined by single sprint performance (10-30 m), jump performance was evaluated by countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) tests and agility performance was measured using the T drill agility test. Quadriceps strength was significantly correlated with peak power at all contraction velocities. However, for mean power, significant correlation was only found between the 60° left and 180° right knee quadriceps measurements. No measure of strength was significantly related to the measurements from/results of field tests. Moreover, strong relations were found between the performance of athletes in different field tests (p< 0.05). The use of correlation analysis is the limitation of the this study.
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Acute Effects of Drop Jump Potentiation Protocol on Sprint and Countermovement Vertical Jump Performance

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Bomfim Lima J., Marin D., Barquilha G., Da Silva L., Puggina E., Pithon-Curi T., Hirabara S.
Human Movement
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2011
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vol. 12
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issue 4
324-330
EN
Purpose. Muscle post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a mechanism by which power twitch is increased after previous conditioning contractions. In this study, we determined the time-dependent effect of a loaded drop-jump protocol on sprint time and countermovement jump height in well-trained athletes. Methods. Ten athletes randomly performed the control and experimental protocols on two different days. As a pre-test, the athletes performed the vertical jump and 50 m sprint test for preload measurements. Then, the experimental or control protocol was randomly applied, where the control protocol was composed of the athletes remaining at rest for 10 min. In the experimental protocol, the athletes performed two sets of 5 drop jumps (0.75 m), with a 15 s interval between the jumps and a 3 min rest after each set. Then the vertical jump and 50 m sprint tests were performed again 5, 10, and 15 min after the protocol. Results. The experimental condition (drop jump potentiation protocol) increased performance in the vertical jump by 6% after 15 min (p < 0.01) and in the sprint by 2.4% and 2.7% after 10 and 15 min, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions. These findings suggest that the drop jump potentiation protocol increases countermovement vertical jump and sprint performance in high-performance athletes at different times, suggesting that PAP induction depends not only on the design of the protocol, but also on the effect of time and the type of exercise involved.
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The Effects of an Alternative Training Method on Physical and Technical Abilities of Adolescent Soccer Players: A Pilot Study

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Bogiatzidis E., Ispyrlidis I., Gourgoulis V., Bogiatzidou A., Chatzinikolaou A., Mantzouranis N., Smilios I.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2022
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vol. 37
45-56
EN
This study examined the effects of an alternative strength training method during soccer training on the development of physical and technical abilities of youth soccer players. 17 soccer players (age: 15±0.5 years) were divided in a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The players of the EG wore a "weight shorts", with 300 gr of additional weight on each thigh, while they participated into 3 regular soccer training sessions per week, for 12 weeks. The CG followed the same training program without wearing the “weighted shorts”. Before and after 12 weeks of training, anthropometric characteristics, 10- and 30- m speed, the Arrowhead change-of-direction test, the Illinois agility test with ball, the countermovement jump, and the 5-repetition maximum (5RM) load at the split squat, leg extension and leg curl were measured. The EG improved significantly (p< 0.05) more in comparison with the CG in countermovement jump, leg extension and split squat (left leg) 5RM load. The addition of weights on the thighs using special shorts during soccer training sessions leads to increased jumping ability and lower limbs maximal strength in youth soccer players.
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Relationships Between Vertical Jump and Full Squat Power Outputs With Sprint Times in U21 Soccer Players

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López-Segovia M., Marques M., van den Tillaar R., González-Badillo J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 30
135-144
EN
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between power variables in the vertical jump and full squat with the sprint performance in soccer players. Fourteen under-21 soccer players were evaluated in two testing sessions separated by 7 days. In the first testing session, vertical jump height in countermovement was assessed, and power output for both loaded countermovement jump (CMJL) and full squat (FS) exercises in two progressive load tests. The second testing session included sprinting at 10, 20, and 30m (T10, T20, T30, T10-20, T10-30, T20-30). Power variables obtained in the loaded vertical jump with 20kg and full squat exercise with 70kg showed significant relationships with all split times (r=-0.56/-0.79; p≤ 0.01/0.01). The results suggest that power produced either with vertical jump or full squat exercises is an important factor to explain short sprint performance in soccer players. These findings might suggest that certain levels of neuromuscular activation are more related with sprint performance reflecting the greater suitability of loads against others for the improvement of short sprint ability in under-21 soccer players.
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Relationship Between Repeated Sprint Performance and both Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness

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Dardouri W., Selmi M. A., Sassi R. H., Gharbi Z., Rebhi A., Yahmed M. H., Moalla W.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 1
139-148
EN
The aims of this study were firstly, to examine the relationship between repeated sprint performance indices and anaerobic speed reserve (AnSR), aerobic fitness and anaerobic power and secondly, to identify the best predictors of sprinting ability among these parameters. Twenty nine subjects (age: 22.5 ± 1.6 years, body height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m, body mass: 68.8 ± 8.5 kg, body mass index (BMI): 22.2 ± 2.1 kg•m-2, fat mass: 11.3 ± 2.9 %) participated in this study. All participants performed a 30 m sprint test (T30) from which we calculated the maximal anaerobic speed (MAnS), vertical and horizontal jumps, 20m multi-stage shuttle run test (MSRT) and repeated sprint test (10 x 15 m shuttle run). AnSR was calculated as the difference between MAnS and the maximal speed reached in the MSRT. Blood lactate sampling was performed 3 min after the RSA protocol. There was no significant correlation between repeated sprint indices (total time (TT); peak time (PT), fatigue index (FI)) and both estimated VO2max and vertical jump performance). TT and PT were significantly correlated with T30 (r=0.63, p=0.001 and r=0.62, p=0.001; respectively), horizontal jump performance (r = -0.47, p = 0.001 and r = -0.49, p = 0.006; respectively) and AnSR (r=-0.68, p= 0.001 and r=-0.70, p=0.001, respectively). Significant correlations were found between blood lactate concentration and TT, PT, and AnSR (r=-0.44, p=0.017; r=-0.43, p=0.018 and r=0.44, p=0.016; respectively). Stepwise multiple regression analyses demonstrated that AnSR was the only significant predictor of the TT and PT, explaining 47% and 50% of the shared variance, respectively. Our findings are of particular interest for coaches and fitness trainers in order to predict repeated sprint performance by using AnSR that can easily identify the respective upper performance limits supported by aerobic and anaerobic power of a player involved in multi-sprint team sports.
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The Influence of an Additional Load on Time and Force Changes in the Ground Reaction Force During the Countermovement Vertical Jump

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Vaverka F., Jakubsova Z., Jandacka D., Zahradnik D., Farana R., Uchytil J., Supej M., Vodicar J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 38
191-200
EN
The aim of this study was to determine how an additional load influences the force-vs-time relationship of the countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ). The participants that took part in the experiment were 18 male university students who played sport recreationally, including regular games of volleyball. They were asked to perform a CMVJ without involving the arms under four conditions: without and with additional loads of 10%, 20%, and 30% of their body weight (BW). The vertical component of the ground reaction force (GRF) was measured by a force plate. The GRF was used to calculate the durations of the preparatory, braking, and acceleration phases, the total duration of the jump, force impulses during the braking and acceleration phases, average forces during the braking and acceleration phases, and the maximum force of impact at landing. Results were evaluated using repeated-measures ANOVA. Increasing the additional load prolonged both the braking and acceleration phases of the jump, with statistically significant changes in the duration of the acceleration phase found for an additional load of 20% BW. The magnitude of the force systematically and significantly increased with the additional load. The force impulse during the acceleration phase did not differ significantly between jumps performed with loads of 20% and 30% BW. The results suggest that the optimal additional load for developing explosive strength in vertical jumping ranges from 20% to 30% of BW, with this value varying between individual subjects.
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Effect of Various Warm-Up Protocols on Jump Performance in College Football Players

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Pagaduan J. C., Pojskić H., Užičanin E., Babajić F.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 35
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issue 1
127-132
EN
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of warm-up strategies on countermovement jump performance. Twenty-nine male college football players (age: 19.4 ± 1.1 years; body height: 179.0 ± 5.1 cm; body mass: 73.1 ± 8.0 kg; % body fat: 11.1 ± 2.7) from the Tuzla University underwent a control (no warm-up) and different warm-up conditions: 1. general warm-up; 2. general warm-up with dynamic stretching; 3. general warm-up, dynamic stretching and passive stretching; 4. passive static stretching; 5. passive static stretching and general warm-up; and, 6. passive static stretching, general warm-up and dynamic stretching. Countermovement jump performance was measured after each intervention or control. Results from one way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference on warm-up strategies at F (4.07, 113.86) = 69.56, p < 0.001, eta squared = 0.72. Bonferonni post hoc revealed that a general warm-up and a general warm-up with dynamic stretching posted the greatest gains among all interventions. On the other hand, no warm-up and passive static stretching displayed the least results in countermovement jump performance. In conclusion, countermovement jump performance preceded by a general warmup or a general warm-up with dynamic stretching posted superior gains in countermovement jump performance.
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The bilateral strength and power asymmetries in untrained boys

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Maly T., Zahalka F., Mala L., Cech P.
Open Medicine
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2014
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vol. 10
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issue 1
EN
The aim of the study was to identify the level of isokinetic strength and power of lower limbs in 13-year- old untrained boys (n=22, height: 158.5±8.0 cm, mass: 49.1±12.6 kg), to determine bilateral deficit between the limbs in the tests and examine their mutual relationship. Maximum peak muscle torque of knee extensors (PTQ) and flexors (PTH) on dominant (DL) and non-dominant leg (NL) were measured by isokinetic dynamometer. Three types of a vertical jump: countermovement jump with (CMJFA) and without arms (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) were performed on two force platforms. We found the significant effect (p<.01) of independent vari- ables (knee extensors, flexors, AV) and their interaction on PT. AV did not indicate any significant effect on bilat- eral ratio of knee extensors (F4,84=.74, p>.05, ηp2=0.03), however a significant effect of AV was found in knee flexors (F4,84=2.70,p<.05, ηp2=.114). The type of jump had no effect on the difference between force exerted by DL and NL (F1,21=.102, p>.05, ηp2=.01). Bilateral deficit (Q:Q, H:H) did not significantly correlate with bilateral deficit in jumps (p>.05). Despite the possibility of identifying muscle asymmetries in the sense of strength imbalances, their mutual relation- ship with results in isokinetic dynamometry and power jump tests is still unclear.
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