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1
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The effect of industrial wastes and municipal sewage sludge compost on the quality of virginia fanpetals (Sida Hermaphrodita Rusby) biomass Part 2. Heavy metals content, their uptake dynamics and bioaccumulation

100%
Krzywy-Gawrońska E.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
|
2012
|
vol. 14
|
issue 3
8-14
EN
A single-factor field experiment was carried out at the Cultivar Evaluation Station in Szczecin-Dąbie in 2008-2010. In the experiment, the compost produced with municipal sewage sludge by the GWDA method and high-calcium brown coal ash (furnace waste) were used. The perennial energy crop was a test plant - Virginia fanpetals (Sida hermaphrodita Rusby). It results from the carried out study that Virginia fanpetals biomass contained on average the most manganese (24.7 mg∙kg-1 d.m.), lead (2.50 mg∙kg-1 d.m.) and zinc (50.5 mg∙kg-1 d.m.) in 2008, while the most cadmium (0.33 mg∙kg-1 d.m.), copper (3.78 mg∙kg-1 d.m.) and nickel (2.57 mg∙kg-1 d.m.) in 2010. Average cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc contents in test plant biomass were higher, respectively by 14.3%, 10.0%, 7.3%, 19.3%, 29.1% and 6.9%, in the objects where municipal sewage sludge compost had been applied without and with addition of high-calcium brown coal ash when compared to those where only calcium carbonate or high-calcium brown coal ash had been introduced into the soil. The differences in cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc contents in Virginia fanpetals biomass between particular experimental objects were not signifi cant. The least zinc was absorbed by the test plant biomass in the object with high-calcium brown coal ash being applied in the fi rst year of study and annually. When evaluating the dynamics of heavy metals uptake, it was found to be the lowest in the fi rst year of study (ranging from 4.40% to 11.0%). It increased in the second and the third year of study, oscillating between 29.9% and 65.7%. The degree of heavy metals accumulation in Virginia fanpetals biomass differed, depending on the fertilisation applied. The bioaccumulation factor of cadmium, copper and nickel after three study years was average, while that of manganese, lead and zinc was intense.
2
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The effect of hard coal ashes on the amount and quality of maize yield

72%
Antonkiewicz J.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
|
2007
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vol. 9
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issue 3
20-25
EN
The research was conducted in 2003 - 2005 as a pot experiment on mineral soil to which ash doses of between 13.33 g and 800.0 g · pot-1 were supplied in proportions corresponding to the amounts of between 10 and 600 t · ha-1. The investigations aimed at learning the effect of diversified ash doses upon the content, ionic relations and the uptake of Mg, Ca, Na and P by maize. Macroelement concentrations in maize were diversified depending on the object and the plant part, fluctuating from 1.52 - 7.49 g Mg; 3.79 - 11.01 g Ca; 8.07 - 23.86 g K; 0.17 - 1.52 g Na; 1.23 - 3.16 g P · kg-1 d.m. It was found that with the growing ash dose the contents of Mg, Ca, K and Na in maize were increasing systematically, whereas P concentrations were decreasing. Magnesium and potassium content in maize aboveground parts met the requirements for a good quality fodder. The level of calcium, sodium and phosphorus in maize did not remain within the optimal range. A systematic increase in Mg uptake but a decline in P absorption by the aboveground parts were registered in maize in effect of growing ash doses.
3
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Heavy metal toxicity - metabolism, absorption, distribution, excretion and mechanism of toxicity for each of the metals

58%
Magelsir H. M. I.
World News of Natural Sciences
|
2016
|
vol. 4
20-32
EN
The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Heavy metals have been used by humans for thousands of years. Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues, and is even increasing in some parts of the world, in particular, in less developed countries. However, over the last 100 years, emissions have declined in most developed countries. Cadmium compounds, the exception, are currently mainly used in re-chargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Cadmium emissions have increased dramatically during the 20th century, one reason being that cadmium-containing products are rarely re-cycled, but often dumped together with household waste. Cigarette smoking is a major source of cadmium exposure. In non-smokers, food is the most important source of cadmium exposure. Recent data indicate that adverse health effects of cadmium exposure may occur at lower exposure levels than previously anticipated, primarily in the form of kidney damage, but possibly also in bone effects and fractures. Many individuals in Europe already exceed the recommended exposure levels and the margin is very narrow for large groups. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce cadmium exposure in the general population in order to minimize the risk of adverse health effects. The general population is primarily exposed to mercury via food, fish being a major source of methyl mercury exposure, as is dental amalgam. The general population, however, does not face a significant health risk from methyl mercury, although certain groups with high fish consumption may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurological damage to adults. Since there is a risk to the fetus in particular, pregnant women should avoid a high intake of certain fish, such as shark, swordfish and tuna; fish (such as pike, walleye and bass) taken from polluted fresh waters should especially be avoided. There has been a debate on the safety of dental amalgams and claims have been made that mercury from amalgam may cause a variety of diseases. However, there are no studies so far that have been able to show any associations between amalgam fillings and ill health. The general population is exposed to lead from air and food in roughly equal proportions. During the last century, lead emissions to ambient air caused considerable pollution, mainly due to lead emissions from petrol. Children are particularly susceptible to lead exposure due to high gastrointestinal uptake and the permeable blood-brain barrier. Blood levels in children should be reduced below the levels so far considered acceptable as recent data indicates that lead may hold neurotoxic effects at lower levels of exposure than previously anticipated. Although lead in petrol has dramatically decreased over the last decades, thereby reducing environmental exposure, phasing out any remaining uses of lead additives in motor fuels should be encouraged. The use of lead-based paints should also be abandoned, and lead should not be used in food containers. In particular, the public should be aware of glazed food containers, which may leach lead into food. Exposure to arsenic is mainly via intake of food and drinking water, food being the most important source in most populations. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking water is mainly related to increased risks of skin cancer, but also enhanced risk of some other cancers, as well as other skin lesions such as hyperkeratosis and pigmentation changes. Occupational exposure to arsenic, primarily by inhalation, is causally associated with lung cancer. Clear exposure-response relationships and high risks have been observed.
4
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Evaluation of the Effect of Municipal Sewage Sludge Compost and Furnace Waste on the Quality of Amur Silver Grass Miscanthus Sachariflorus Biomass

58%
Krzywy-Gawrońska E.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
|
2013
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vol. 20
|
issue 2
303-320
EN
A single-factor field experiment was carried out at the Cultivar Evaluation Station in Szczecin-Dabie in 2008-2010. The soil on which this experiment was set up is formed from light loamy sand (lls). In respect of granulometric composition, it is classified to the category of light soils, of soil quality class IV b and good rye complex. In the experiment, compost produced with municipal sewage sludge by the GWDA method was used. This compost contained clearly more nitrogen and phosphorus in relation to potassium. The content of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in composts did not exceed standards of the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development (Official Journal of Laws No. 165, item 765 of 2008) referring to organic fertilisers. In the study design, the following fertilisation treatments were applied: I - carbonate lime (CaCO3) at a dose of 1.5 Mg CaO · ha-1, II - high-calcium brown coal ash at a dose of 1.5 Mg CaO · ha-1, III - municipal sewage sludge compost at a dose of 250 kg N·ha-1, IV - municipal sewage sludge compost at a dose of 250 kg N · ha-1 + high-calcium brown coal ash at a dose of 1.5 Mg CaO · ha-1 (1st year of study), V - high-calcium brown coal ash at a dose of 1.5 Mg CaO · ha-1 (1st year of study), and 0.75 Mg CaO · ha-1 in following study years each, VI - municipal sewage sludge compost at a dose of 250 kg N · ha-1 + high-calcium brown coal ash at a dose of 1.5 Mg CaO · ha-1 (1st year of study), and 0.75 Mg CaO · ha-1 in following study years each. In addition, mineral fertilisation was applied annually in the form of multi-component fertiliser Polifoska 20, complex fertiliser Polimag S and ammonium nitrate. A test plant was perennial grass - Amur silver grass (Miscanthus sachariflorus). The obtained results show that Amur silver grass biomass contained on average the most nitrogen, ie 6.87 g·kg-1 d.m., in 2008, while the most phosphorus (0.39 g P·kg-1 d.m.), potassium (7.82 g K·kg-1 d.m.), magnesium (0.98 g Mg·kg-1 d.m.) and sulphur (1.19 g S·kg-1 d.m.) in 2010, whereas the most calcium ie 4.13 g Ca kg-1 d.m., in 2009. Significantly more nitrogen, calcium and sulphur was contained by Amur silver grass biomass from the objects where municipal sewage sludge compost had been applied without and with addition of high-calcium brown coal ash when compared to calcium carbonate or high-calcium brown coal ash being applied at a dose of 1.5 Mg CaO · ha-1. Differences in average phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents in test plant biomass from particular fertilisation objects were not significant. The biomass of Amur silver grass contained significantly more cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc as affected by organic fertilisation without and with addition of high-calcium brown coal ash when compared with the objects where solely calcium carbonate or high-calcium brown coal ash had been introduced into soil. Differences in the average content of cadmium, nickel and zinc in test plant biomass from the objects fertilised with municipal sewage sludge compost without and with addition of high-calcium brown coal ash were not significant. The uptake of heavy metals by Amur silver grass biomass, ie its mean value of three harvest during three years of its cultivation, can be arranged in the following descending order of values: Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd. The degree of cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc bioaccumulation in test plant biomass differed, depending on the fertilisation applied. The average degree of cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc accumulation after three study years was intense for all fertilisation objects, whereas average for copper and manganese.
PL
Doświadczenie polowe jednoczynnikowe przeprowadzono w latach 2008-2010 w Stacji Oceny Odmian w Szczecinie - Dąbiu. Gleba, na której założono doświadczenie, wytworzona została z piasku gliniastego lekkiego (pgl). Pod względem składu granulometrycznego zalicza się ją do kategorii gleb lekkich, kompleksu przydatności rolniczej IV b, żytniego dobrego. W doświadczeniu użyto kompostu wyprodukowanego z udziałem komunalnego osadu ściekowego metodą GWDA. Kompost ten zawierał wyraźnie więcej azotu i fosforu w stosunku do potasu. Zawartość metali ciężkich (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb i Zn) w kompostach nie przekraczała norm z Rozporządzenia Ministra Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi (DzU.08.165.765) dotyczących nawozów organicznych. W schemacie badań zastosowano następujące kombinacje nawozowe: I - wapno węglanowe (CaCO3) w dawce 1,5 Mg CaO · ha-1, II - wysokowapniowy popiół z węgla brunatnego w dawce 1,5 Mg CaO · ha-1, III - kompost z komunalnego osadu ściekowego w dawce 250 kg N · ha-1, IV - kompost z komunalnego osadu ściekowego w dawce 250 kg N · ha-1 + wysokowapniowy popiół z węgla brunatnego w dawce 1,5 Mg CaO · ha-1 (I rok badań), V - wysokowapniowy popiół z węgla · ha-1. Dodatkowo corocznie stosowano nawożenie mineralne w postaci Polifoski 20, Polimagu S i saletry amonowej. Rośliną testową była wieloletnia trawa miskant cukrowy (Miscanthus sachariflorus). Uzyskane rezultaty wskazują, że biomasa miskanta cukrowego zawierała średnio najwięcej azotu - 6,87 g · kg-1s.m. w 2008 roku, a fosforu - 0,39 g · kg-1s.m., potasu - 7,82 g · kg-1s.m., magnezu - 0,98 g · kg-1s.m. i siarki - 1,19 g · kg-1s.m. w 2010 roku. Natomiast wapnia w 2009 roku 4,13 g · kg-1s.m. Istotnie więcej azotu, wapnia i siarki zawierała biomasa miskanta cukrowego z obiektów, w których stosowano kompost bez i z dodatkiem wysokowapniowego popiołu z węgla brunatnego w porównaniu z węglanem wapnia lub wysokowapniowym popiołem z węgla brunatnego stosowanymi w dawce 1,5 Mg CaO · ha-1. Różnice w średniej zawartości fosforu, potasu i magnezu w biomasie rośliny testowej z poszczególnych obiektów nawozowych nie były istotne. Biomasa miskanta cukrowego pod wpływem nawożenia organicznego bez i z dodatkiem wysokowapniowego popiołu z węgla brunatnego zawierała istotnie więcej kadmu, niklu, ołowiu i cynku w porównaniu z obiektami, w których do gleby wprowadzono wyłącznie węglan wapnia lub wysokowapniowy popiół z węgla brunatnego. Różnice w średniej zawartości kadmu, niklu i cynku w biomasie rośliny testowej z obiektów nawożonych kompostem bez i z dodatkiem popiołu z wysokowapniowego węgla brunatnego nie były istotne. Pobranie metali ciężkich przez biomasę miskanta, średnia z trzech zbiorów w ciągu trzech lat uprawy, układała się w następującym szeregu malejących wartości: Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd. Stopień bioakumulacji metali ciężkich w biomasie rośliny testowej był zróżnicowany w zależności od zastosowanego nawożenia. Średni stopień akumulacji po trzech latach badań dla wszystkich obiektów nawozowych dla kadmu, niklu, ołowiu i cynku był intensywny, a miedzi i manganu średni.
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