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Origins of mass

100%

Wilczek F.

Open Physics

2012

vol. 10

issue 5

1021-1037

Newtonian mechanics posited mass as a primary quality of matter, incapable of further elucidation. We now see Newtonian mass as an emergent property. That mass-concept is tremendously useful in the approximate description of baryon-dominated matter at low energy - that is, the standard “matter” of everyday life, and of most of science and engineering - but it originates in a highly contingent and non-trivial way from more basic concepts. Most of the mass of standard matter, by far, arises dynamically, from back-reaction of the color gluon fields of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Additional quantitatively small, though physically crucial, contributions come from the intrinsic masses of elementary quanta (electrons and quarks). The equations for massless particles support extra symmetries - specifically scale, chiral, and gauge symmetries. The consistency of the standard model relies on a high degree of underlying gauge and chiral symmetry, so the observed non-zero masses of many elementary particles (W and Z bosons, quarks, and leptons) requires spontaneous symmetry breaking. Superconductivity is a prototype for spontaneous symmetry breaking and for mass-generation, since photons acquire mass inside superconductors. A conceptually similar but more intricate form of all-pervasive (i.e. cosmic) superconductivity, in the context of the electroweak standard model, gives us a successful, economical account of W and Z boson masses. It also allows a phenomenologically successful, though profligate, accommodation of quark and lepton masses. The new cosmic superconductivity, when implemented in a straightforward, minimal way, suggests the existence of a remarkable new particle, the so-called Higgs particle. The mass of the Higgs particle itself is not explained in the theory, but appears as a free parameter. Earlier results suggested, and recent observations at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may indicate, the actual existence of the Higgs particle, with mass m H ≈ 125 GeV. In addition to consolidating our understanding of the origin of mass, a Higgs particle with m H ≈ 125 GeV could provide an important clue to the future, as it is consistent with expectations from supersymmetry.

Kształtowanie placów miejskich na przykładzie miast województwa lubelskiego

72%

Dymek D., Jóźwik J.

The aim of the study is to compare activities undertaken within the framework of shaping the main public spaces of the towns of Lubelskie Voivodeship and to verify the hypothesis of unification of the physiognomy of public town squares. In addition, the authors try to define other trends in the formation of urban public spaces, paying particular attention to the changes that have been made in the development of town squares. The study includes 48 projects assuming a change of spatial development or the creation of town squares in 39 towns of the Lubelskie Voivodeship in the years 2000–2020 (total of 40 town squares). Revitalization activities undertaken as part of the arrangement of town squares are typical for this kind of investments. They include equipping with elements of small architecture, building or modernizing a fountain, modernizing the square’s surface, organizing greenery and locating car parks. For the negative tendencies can be considered the physiognomy unification of town squares, excessive curing of the surface and the departure from the region’s culture, tradition and history.

Celem artykułu jest porównanie działań podjętych w ramach kształtowania kluczowych przestrzeni publicznych miast województwa lubelskiego oraz weryfikacja założenia o powszechnej unifikacji ich fizjonomii. Dodatkowo autorzy starają się określić inne trendy w formowaniu tych miejskich przestrzeni publicznych, zwracając szczególną uwagę na zmiany, jakich dokonano w zagospodarowaniu placów. Analiza obejmuje 48 projektów zakładających zmianę zagospodarowania lub utworzenie placów miejskich w 39 miastach województwa lubelskiego w latach 2000–2020 (łącznie 40 placów). Wyniki wskazują, że działania rewitalizacyjne podjęte w ramach aranżacji tych miejsc są typowe dla tego rodzaju inwestycji. Są to najczęściej: wyposażenie w elementy małej architektury, budowa lub modernizacja fontanny, modernizacja nawierzchni placu, porządkowanie zieleni oraz lokowanie miejsc postojowych. Za negatywne tendencje można uznać unifikację fizjonomii placów miejskich, ich „betonozę” oraz odchodzenie od kultury, tradycji i historii regionu.

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1 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio B – Geographia, Geologia, Mineralogia et Petrographia

1 Open Physics

1 2021

1 2012

1 Dymek D.

1 Jóźwik J.

1 Wilczek F.

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Origins of mass

Kształtowanie placów miejskich na przykładzie miast województwa lubelskiego