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EN
Introduction. Working in Medical Rescue Teams is stressful and responsible service. Doctors face difficult situations every day. They make important decisions, they look at people's pain and suffering. They witness death and new life. They save, help, heal and at the same time they are just people guided by emotions, in need of rest and sometimes support. Aim of the study. The aim of this study is to assess the correct behavior of members of Medical Rescue Teams in difficult situations. Material and methods. The research group consisted of 120 people, members of Medical Rescue Teams. Method used - diagnostic survey, research tool - author's questionnaire. Pearson's Chi Square test was used to calculate the relationship between several levels of variables. The paper presents the analysis of cross tables where there is a statistically significant difference, i.e. the relationship between one variable and another. Results. The study involved 19 women and 101 men. The respondents indicated that the most traumatic situations are sudden events involving children. Trips to events involving a patient from the "load and go" category are also described by the rescuers themselves as difficult situations. On the other hand, they see the fewest problems in events involving agitated people treated psychiatrically. Conclusions. The obtained research showed that medical workers, regardless of their profession, are specially prepared to work in emergency services. In traumatic situations, they do not always take the most effective action. The correct behavior of the members of the Medical Rescue Teams in selected difficult situations is influenced by the time of work and rest, but not by knowledge and professional experience, as well as age and gender. The decision about the profession taken at a late age and the age of starting work in the Medical Rescue Team also do not affect rescue activities undertaken in traumatic situations.
PL
Wstęp. Praca w Zespołach Ratownictwa Medycznego to stresująca i odpowiedzialna służba. Medycy na co dzień stykają się z trudnymi sytuacjami. Podejmują ważne decyzje, patrzą na ludzki ból i cierpienie. Są świadkami śmierci i nowego życia. Ratują, pomagają, leczą a przy tym wszystkim są tylko ludźmi kierującymi się emocjami, potrzebującymi wypoczynku, a niekiedy wsparcia. Cel. Celem badań była ocena prawidłowego postępowania członków Zespołów Ratownictwa Medycznego w sytuacjach trudnych. Materiał i metody. Grupę badawczą stanowiło 120 osób, członków Zespołów Ratownictwa Medycznego. Użyta metoda – sondaż diagnostyczny, narzędzie badawcze – autorski kwestionariusz ankiety. Do obliczeń zależności pomiędzy kilkoma poziomami zmiennych zastosowano test Chi Kwadrat Pearsona. Przedstawiono w pracy analizy tablic krzyżowych, gdzie zachodziła różnica istotna statystycznie czyli relacja pomiędzy jedną zmienną a drugą. Wyniki. W przeprowadzonym badaniu wzięły udział kobiety – 19 osób i mężczyźni 101 osób. Ankietowani wskazali, że sytuacje najbardziej traumatyczne, to nagłe zdarzenia z udziałem dzieci. Wyjazdy do zdarzeń z udziałem pacjenta z kategorii "ładuj i jedź", przez samych ratowników również są określane, jako sytuacje trudne. Najmniej natomiast problemów, dostrzegają w zdarzeniach z udziałem osób pobudzonych, leczonych psychiatrycznie. Wnioski. Uzyskane badania wykazały, że pracownicy medyczni bez względu na wykonywany zawód, w sposób szczególny są przygotowywani do pracy w służbach ratowniczych, jednakże w sytuacjach traumatycznych nie zawsze podejmują najbardziej skuteczne działania. Na prawidłowe postępowanie członków Zespołów Ratownictwa Medycznego w wybranych sytuacjach trudnych ma wpływ czas pracy i wypoczynek, nie ma natomiast wpływu wiedza i doświadczenie zawodowe oraz wiek, a także płeć. Decyzja o zawodzie, podjęta w późnym wieku oraz wiek rozpoczęcia pracy w Zespole Ratownictwa Medycznego, również nie wpływają na działania ratownicze podejmowane w sytuacjach traumatycznych.
EN
Navigation has become widely integrated into regular endoprosthetic procedures, but clinical use of navigation systems in orthopaedic trauma has only been implemented in a few indications. Navigation systems enable an accuracy of 1 mm or 1 degree. Navigation can achieve higher precision when it is combined with different imaging modalities, including preoperative computer tomography (CT), intraoperative CT, two-dimensional fluoroscopy, and, recently, intraoperative three-dimensional fluoroscopy. The precision of the navigation system can be influenced by the surgeon as well as by the camera system, type of reference marker, and the registration process. Recent developments in orthopedic trauma navigation allow for bilateral femoral anteversion measurements, noninvasive registration of an uninjured thigh, and intraoperative three-dimensional fluoroscopy-based pedicle screw placement. Although the use of navigation has provided initial positive results in trauma care, prospective clinical studies remain to be performed.
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vol. XXI
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issue 1
61-75
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie mało poznanej problematyki z zakresu psychologii zdrowia i psychologii klinicznej, jaką jest występowanie objawów zaburzenia po stresie traumatycznym (PTSD) w następstwie diagnozy i przebiegu przewlekłych chorób somatycznych na przykładzie pacjentów zakażonych wirusem HIV oraz cierpiących z powodu przewlekłego bólu. Na początku opisane zostały wybrane definicje traumatycznych stresorów prowadzących do PTSD w klasyfikacjach DSM oraz ICD-10. Następnie dokonano przeglądu badań nad występowaniem PTSD wśród pacjentów z HIV/AIDS oraz cierpiących z powodu przewlekłego bólu. Artykuł wieńczy przedstawienie kontrowersji wokół diagnozy PTSD w następstwie choroby somatycznej.
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Conservative surgery for pancreatic neck transection

94%
EN
Pancreas is the fourth solid organ injured in blunt abdominal trauma. Isolated pancreatic injury is present in less than 1% of patients. As it is associated with high morbidity and mortality, management is controversial. Isolated pancreatic trauma cases with pancreatic neck transection following blunt abdominal trauma were analyzed. All these patients were treated with immediate surgery involving lesser sac drainage and feeding jejunostomy only. Authors conclude that lesser sac drainage can be used as an alternative to distal pancreatectomy or pancreaticojejunostomy or pancreaticogastrostomy.
EN
Objective: The aim of the study was to verification the hypotheses about the relationship of trauma suffered in early childhood, alexithymia and dissociation with the power of the body self. Furthermore, it was examined whether regular physical activity as well as its type may affect the power of the body self. Material and method: The study involved 56 persons – 31 women (55.4%) (average age: M = 31.7) and 25 men (44.6%) (average age: M = 35.3). The subjects were divided into three groups: persons beginning yoga practice, persons starting exercises to improve their fitness (gym) and persons who were not taking any regular physical exercise. Self-description questionnaires were used to assess the intensity of: trauma – the Traumatic Experiences Checklist (TEC), alexithymia – the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), dissociation – the Curious Experiences Survey (CES) as well as a questionnaire for the body self. The assessment was conducted twice: after the recruitment of a given participant and after 3 months from the end of the first stage. Results: It was established that trauma, alexithymia and dissociation are significant predictors of the power of the body self in the study group. Emotional neglect and emotional abuse were demonstrated to have a particularly strong impact. In the case of alexithymia, the difficulty in identifying emotions and the difficulty in verbalising them were highly relevant with respect to the power of the body self. Dissociation had a significant impact on the power of the body self. As a result of physical activity, the power of the body self underwent statistically significant change as far as the interpretation of sensations in terms of emotions was concerned and the effect was greater in the group of persons practising yoga. Discussion: The results obtained not only shed new light on the pathogenic influence of trauma, alexithymia and dissociation on the power of the body self, but also demonstrated that a particular form of physical activity can, by increasing the level of interoception, change the power of the body self with respect to the ability to distinguish emotions from physical sensations. Conclusion: Traumatic experiences in early childhood become the basis for fostering permanent defence mechanisms: alexithymia and dissociation. It is these mechanisms, not the traumatic experience itself, which contribute to the development of the disorders of the body self. As it is clear from the analysis, the greatest role in this process is attributable to the difficulties in identifying emotions and depersonalisation.
PL
Cel: Celem badania była weryfikacja hipotez dotyczących związku traumy doznanej we wczesnym dzieciństwie, aleksytymii i dysocjacji z siłą Ja cielesnego. Ponadto sprawdzono, czy regularna aktywność fizyczna i jej rodzaj mogą wpływać na siłę Ja cielesnego. Materiał i metoda: W badaniu wzięło udział 56 osób – 31 kobiet (55,4%) (średnia wieku: M = 31,7) i 25 mężczyzn (44,6%) (średnia wieku: M = 35,3). Badani zostali podzieleni na trzy grupy: rozpoczynających praktykę jogi, rozpoczynających ćwiczenia poprawiające kondycję fizyczną (siłownia) oraz niewykonujących regularnie żadnych ćwiczeń fizycznych. Wykorzystano kwestionariusze samoopisowe do badania natężenia traumy – Traumatic Experiences Checklist (TEC), aleksytymii – Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), dysocjacji – Curious Experiences Survey (CES), a także kwestionariusz Ja cielesnego. Pomiaru dokonywano dwukrotnie: po zgłoszeniu uczestnika do badania i po 3 miesiącach od zakończenia pierwszego etapu. Wyniki: Okazało się, iż trauma, aleksytymia i dysocjacja są istotnymi predyktorami siły Ja cielesnego w badanej grupie. Szczególny wpływ wykazano dla zaniedbania emocjonalnego i przemocy emocjonalnej. W przypadku aleksytymii duże znaczenie dla siły Ja cielesnego miały trudność w identyfikacji emocji oraz trudność w werbalizacji emocji. Dysocjacja istotnie wpływała na siłę Ja cielesnego. Wskutek aktywności fizycznej istotnej statystycznie zmianie ulegała siła Ja cielesnego w zakresie interpretacji doznań w kategorii emocji, a siła efektu okazała się większa w grupie osób praktykujących jogę. Omówienie: Uzyskane wyniki rzucają nowe światło nie tylko na patogenny wpływ traumy, aleksytymii i dysocjacji na siłę Ja cielesnego – pokazują również, że określona forma aktywności fizycznej może, podnosząc poziom interocepcji, zmienić siłę Ja cielesnego w zakresie różnicowania emocji od doznań fizycznych. Wnioski: Wczesnodziecięce doświadczenia traumatyczne stają się podstawą do wykształcenia trwałych mechanizmów obronnych: aleksytymii i dysocjacji. To właśnie wymienione mechanizmy, nie zaś samo doświadczenie traumatyczne, przyczyniają się do rozwoju zaburzeń Ja cielesnego. Jak wynika z analiz, największą rolę w tym procesie przypisać należy trudnościom w identyfikacji emocji i depersonalizacji.
EN
INTRODUCTION: A pain response is an inevitable symptom in trauma patients and requires to undertake a medical intervention in pre-hospital conditions. In the Polish system of medical rescue, there are teams including a doctor or without one where a paramedic is the main person to make decisions. Due to lack of standard procedures and a pain rating scale attached to the documents of medical rescue teams, the authors of the research attempted to analyse the administration of analgesics in trauma patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was conducted on 266 trauma patients selected from 2307 interventions of Emergency Medical Service in Łęczyca in 2016. ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance, and T-tests for unpaired samples were applied. All the results were found significant at p < 0,05. RESULTS: The study was carried out on 150 males and 100 females. The average age of the the trauma patients was 77 (SD ± 38). Rescue teams were sent to trauma patients at 71-80 and 51-60 age groups. In 64,7 % (n=172) of the cases, help was provided in rural areas, whereas in 35,3 % (n=94) cases - urban areas. Most frequently, the patients were injured as a result of traffic accidents, activities while carrying out farm work as well as cut wounds and self-mutilation. Anaesthesia was applied in 120 cases (45,11%), mostly in patients between the age of 81 and 90 and most rarely in children. A total number of painkiller administration was higher in basic Emergency Medical Services (BEMS) than in specialized ones (S-EMS) (84 vs. 55). No statistically significant relation between the choice of the medicine and the injury type was discovered (Kruskal-Wallis; p=0,82). The drug used most often was Ketoprofenum (n=87) and Fentanylum (n=35). There was significant difference in the administration of analgesic drugs between BEMS and S-EMS teams (χ2; p=0,042). CONCLUSIONS: Over half of the trauma patients was not secured by administering analgesic drugs in pre-hospital conditions. The number of analgesic drugs used in B-EMS and S-EMS teams was diverse. Patients were given nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) more often than opioids.
PL
WSTĘP: Reakacja bólowa jest nieodłącznym objawem u pacjentów urazowych i wymaga podjęcia interwencji medycznej już w warunkach przedszpitalnych. W polskim systemie ratownictwa medycznego funkcjonują zarówno zespoły z lekarzem, jak i bez lekarza, gdzie kierownikiem jest najczęściej ratownik medyczny. W obliczu braku standardów postępowania, ani skal oceny bólu dołączonych do dokumentacji pogotowia ratunkowego, autorzy badania podjęli próbę analizy zastosowań leków analgetycznych u pacjentów urazowych. MATERIAŁ I METODY: Badaniem objęto 2307 interwencji pogotowia ratunkowego w Łęczycy w roku 2016, z czego wyselekcjonowano 266 wezwań do pacjentów urazowych. Zastosowano jednoczynnikową analizę wariancji ANOVA oraz T-testy dla zmiennych niepowiązanych. Wszystkie wyniki uznano za istotne przy wartości p < 0,05. WYNIKI: Badaniem objęło 150 mężczyzn i 110 kobiet. Średnia wieku poszkodowanych urazowych wyniosła 77 lat (SD ± 38). Zespoły najczęściej były dysponowane do pacjentów urazowych w przedziale wiekowym 71-80 lat oraz 51-60 lat. W 64,7 % (n=172) przypadków udzielano pomocy na terenach wiejskich, zaś w 35,3 % (n=94) były to tereny miejskie. Pacjenci ulegali najczęściej urazom w wyniku wypadku komunikacyjnego, czynności wykonywanych podczas prac rolniczych, a także ran i samookaleczeń. Znieczulenie zastosowano w 120 przypadkach (45,11%), najczęściej u pecjentów w wieku 81-90 lat (n=18), a najrzadziej u dzieci. Łączna liczba zastosowań leków przeciwbólowych jest wyższa w zespołach podstawowych niż specjalistycznych (84 vs. 55). Nie wykazano istotnej statystycznie zależności doboru leku w stosunku do rodzaju urazu (Kruskal-Wallis; p=0,82). Najczęściej stosowanym lekiem był Ketonal (n=87) oraz Fentanyl (n=35). Wykazano istotną statystycznie zależność w liczbie zastosowań anelgetyków pomiędzy grupami "B-EMS" i "S-EMS" (χ2; p=0,042). WNIOSKI: Ponad połowa pacjentów urazowych nie jest zabezpieczana przez podanie środków anelgetycznych w warunkach przedszpitalnych. Ilość stosowanych analgetyków w zespołach podstawowych i specjalistycznych jest zróżnicowana. Najczęściej podawano leki z grupy NLPZ.
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Cervical Spine Injuries; An Outcome Analysis

94%
EN
Cervical spine injury (CSI) in octogenarians continues to carry a high morbidity and mortality rate. The incidence of CSI among individuals who are below the age of 80 is declining, whereas the incidence of CSI for those 80 years and above is rising.The aim of the study was to evaluate outcomes of cervical spine injuries in octogenarians caused by different mechanisms: motor vehicle accidents, compared to a fall.Material and methods. The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) was queried for patients ages 80 and above, who sustained a cervical spine injury via motor vehicle collision and falls. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), injury severity score (ISS), days in Intensive Care Unit, Temperature on arrival, blood pressure on arrival, CT Scan of head results, complications, sex, and mortality.Results. Three-thousand three hundred seventy-five patients, 80 years of age and older with CSI were included in the study; fifteen percent of these octogenarians with cervical spine injuries died. It was observed that patients in the motor vehicle accident (MVA) group have 1.737 (95% CI 1.407, 2.144 p-value < 0.0001) times the odds of dying, compared to those in the fall group. Patients over the age of 80 who were in a MVA have 1.209 (95% CI 0.941, 1.554 p-value = 0.1372) times the odds of having a positive head CT, compared with people over the age of 80 who experienced a fall. Patients involved in a motor vehicle accident with associated CSI were more likely to be a younger age, have a lower GCS on arrival, have a longer length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit, and a higher ISS (p<0.05).Conclusions. Cervical spine injury in octogenarians carries a high mortality regardless of mechanism. Elderly patients who suffer cervical spine injuries in motor vehicle accidents have a lower SBP, a higher ISS and are nearly twice as likely to die as those who were injured in a fall.
PL
Celem badania była analiza osobistych historii kobiet doświadczających przemocy (psychologicznej/fizycznej/ekonomicznej). Użyto Interpretacyjnej Analizy Fenomenologicznej (IPA) w celu sprawdzenia, w jaki sposób homogeniczna grupa siedmiu kobiet nadaje znaczenie swoim osobistym doświadczeniem związanym z traumą. Wyniki indywidualne i zbiorcze umożliwiły wtórną interpretację w odniesieniu do indywidualnych i zbiorczych cech doświadczenia badanych kobiet. Wyróżniono następujące tematy: sprawczość – wzrost poczucia osobistej siły, narracje na temat sprawcy, pozytywny i negatywny wpływ innych ludzi oraz percepcję kontroli.
EN
Thoracic trauma continues to be a significant surgical problem. It is estimated that 25% of trauma-related deaths are due to penetrating and blunt thoracic injuries. Principals of surgical management of specific thoracic injuries (tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax, massive haemothorax, flail chest, cardiac injuries, ruptures of the aorta, tracheobronchial tree lesions, oesophageal and diaphragmatic injuries) have been reviewed. Awareness of the potential for deterioration and early correct identification of life threatening thoracic injuries are the keys to successful management. Good outcomes in the management of thoracic injuries depend on rapid transport of the injured patient to the hospital, effective diagnostic and therapeutic measures and an aggressive involvement of an experienced surgical team, optimally in the operating theatre. Successful management of these injuries depends on effective prioritisation of procedures based on the ABC principals combined with a rapid diagnosis of severe injuries and aggressive surgical treatment of life-threatening lesions following penetrating and blunt trauma. Rapid decompression of tension pneumothorax and emergency thoracotomy, especially in patients following penetrating thoracic trauma may result in good outcomes. Effective management of severe thoracic injuries requires an integrated approach and cooperation of a multidisciplinary trauma team, including experienced thoracic and cardiac surgeons.
EN
A rare type of risk associated with firefighting activities and affecting the central nervous system (CNS) is acoustic trauma. The main causes of acoustic trauma in professional firefighters include long-term exposure to noise from fire engine sirens, emergency call alarms in the fire stations (fire halls), and the operation of equipment used during rescue and firefighting operations. The study was based on an analysis of data obtained from the HR Department of the National Headquarters of the State Fire Service (NHSFS). The analysis included cases of acoustic trauma suffered by firefighters while on duty, which were reported to the control room of their firefighting units as rescuer accidents, and followed up with medical interventions. The average number of accidents among SFS firefighters per year during the study period was n=1.617. During the study period (2015-2022), there were seven incidents in which a total of 11 firefighters suffered acoustic trauma affecting the CNS and the organ of hearing. To prevent on-duty accidents, both practical and theoretical training sessions are provided, covering measures aimed at reducing accident rates to minimum levels. Other important activities include hearing prophylaxis; medical examinations; breaks during work, appropriate organisation of work and the working environment; compliance with the applicable regulations, internal procedures and safety instructions; the use of personal protective equipment, and the good technical condition of vehicles and equipment.
EN
Background: An unintentional drop in core body temperature of trauma victims is associated with increased mortality. Thermoregulation is impaired in these patients, especially when treated with opioids or anesthetics. Careful thermal insulation and active warming are necessary to maintain normothermia. The aim of the study was to assess the equipment and procedures for diagnosing and managing post-traumatic hypothermia in Polish hospitals. Methods: Survey forms regarding equipment and procedures on monitoring of core temperature (Tc) and active warming were distributed to every hospital that admits trauma victims in the Holy Cross Province. Questionnaires were addressed to surgery departments, intensive care units (ICUs), and operating rooms (ORs). Results: 92% of surgery departments did not have equipment to measure core body temperature and 85% did not have equipment to rewarm patients. Every ICU had equipment to measure Tc and 83% had active warming devices. In 50% of ICUs, there were no rewarming protocols based on Tc and the initiation of rewarming was left to the physician’s discretion. In 58% of ORs, Tc was not monitored and in 33% the patients were not actively warmed. Conclusions: The majority of surveyed ICUs and ORs are adequately equipped to identify and treat hypothermia, however the criteria for initiating Tc monitoring and rewarming remain unstandardized. Surgery departments are not prepared to manage post-traumatic hypothermia.
EN
Thoracic trauma continues to be a significant surgical problem. It is estimated that 25% of trauma-related deaths are due to penetrating and blunt thoracic injuries. Principals of surgical management of specific thoracic injuries (tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax, massive haemothorax, flail chest, cardiac injuries, ruptures of the aorta, tracheobronchial tree lesions, oesophageal and diaphragmatic injuries) have been reviewed. Awareness of the potential for deterioration and early correct identification of life threatening thoracic injuries are the keys to successful management. Good outcomes in the management of thoracic injuries depend on rapid transport of the injured patient to the hospital, effective diagnostic and therapeutic measures and an aggressive involvement of an experienced surgical team, optimally in the operating theatre. Successful management of these injuries depends on effective prioritisation of procedures based on the ABC principals combined with a rapid diagnosis of severe injuries and aggressive surgical treatment of life-threatening lesions following penetrating and blunt trauma. Rapid decompression of tension pneumothorax and emergency thoracotomy, especially in patients following penetrating thoracic trauma may result in good outcomes. Effective management of severe thoracic injuries requires an integrated approach and cooperation of a multidisciplinary trauma team, including experienced thoracic and cardiac surgeons.
EN
The aim of the study. An ideal hemostatic dressing that would control bleeding and protect the wound from further contamination is still being sought for combat casualty care. The new SilverLeaf™ (SL) bandage was made of material containing active hemostatic property and possible antimicrobial property from silver coating. This study was conducted to compare and ascertain the hemostatic properties of SL and compare it with known hemostatic dressings: Combat Gauze® (CG) and WoundStat™ (WS) in a swine model with punch, vascular injury.Material and methods. Three hemostatic dressings were evaluated in anesthetized Yorkshire swine hemorrhaged for 45 sec in a femoral arterial puncture model. The hemostatic dressings SL, CG, or WS were applied on an actively bleeding wound, followed by 5 minutes of compression at 200 mm Hg. The pressure was then released to baseline and skin closed with towel clamps. After 15 minutes, 500 ml of (Hextend) resuscitation fluid infused over a period of 30 minutes. The animal's vital signs were monitored for the 3-hour experiment period. Primary outcomes documented were incidence of bleeding after application of the dressing, restoration of MAP and rate of survival.Results. The pre-treatment blood loss for WS was 375.66 ml (16.49%), SL 282.08 ml (12.15%) and CG 307.24 ml (12.68%) and was comparable between groups (p>0.56). The post-treatment blood loss for WS was 286.05 ml (10.65%), SL 386.81 ml (16.92%), and CG 525.76 ml (21.52%). There was no significant difference in post-treatment blood loss (p>0.37) between groups. The Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) did not significantly differ between the groups at all time points compared. The SL and CG had comparable MAPS during the first hour. The SL had a slight advantage, but didn't reach statistical significance. This suggests that all the bandages were comparable. The two time points at which the post-treatment bleeding occurred in the three groups after the release of manual compression and after restoration of blood pressure. The post-treatment re-bleeding rates were 22.22% (2/9) for WS and SL, 44.44% (4/9) for CG. The survival rates were 100% for WS, 88.89% for SL, and 77.78% for CG.Conclusion. The findings indicate that SilverLeaf, WoundStat and Combat Gauze were comparable in controlling bleeding, preventing re-bleeding, maintenance of mean arterial pressure and improving survival following treatment.
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vol. 2
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issue 4
17-24
EN
INTRODUCTION: National Firefighting Rescue System (NFRS) often supports the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) units. If EMS is not yet at the scene, firefighters are able to perform necessary medical procedures while waiting for an ambulance. The aim of the study was to define the profile of patients based on experience of Polish Professional Fire Services (PFS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 123 interventions were studied when firefighters arrived on the scene before ems, carried out in 2017 by PFS unit located in centre of Poland. For this retrospective study were analyzed a total of 100 complete and readable "rescue procedure charts" filled out by PFS firefighters. They were studied time of arrival, patients' demographic (age and sex), type of injury/ illness, type of medical procedures carried out by firefighters and duration of taking care of the patient before EMS arrival as well as types of equipment used during interventions. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were included in the analysis (34 woman and 66 men). The mean age was 40.3 years (SD ± 16.56). The average time from arrival at the scene to initiation of medical procedures was 1.24 (SD ± 0.47) minutes. Before EMS arrival, firefighters were taking care of the patient for an average of 5.88 (SD ± 4.45) minutes. The most common type of injury was cervical spine trauma (41.34%), and the rarest condition was a hypothermia (19.23%). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation were performed in four cases. The most commonly used equipment were gloves (67.60%). The most common activity during taking care of patient were: psychological support (34.33%). CONCLUSIONS: During the interventions, firefighters perform rescue procedures mainly in case of injuries. The most common types of injuries include cervical spine and head trauma. Despite the fact that medical equipment is standardized in PFS units, some of the equipment are not used as often as the situations requires, which may result in a decrease in the effectiveness of rescue procedures.
PL
WSTĘP: Strażacy posiadają sprzęt i przeszkolenie w zakresie procedur ratunkowych. Niejednokrotnie udzielają pierwszej pomocy poszkodowanym jeszcze przed przybyciem personelu medycznego EMS. Celem badania była próba określenia profilu poszkodowanego, któremu strażacy pracujący w Professional Fire Services (PFS) udzielają pomocy samodzielnie. MATERIAŁ I METODY: Badanie przeprowadzono w 2017 roku w jednostce PFS zlokalizowanej w centralnej Polsce. Wyselekcjonowano 100 spośród 123 interwencji, które posiadały czytelne adnotacje w dokumentacji medycznej. Analizie poddano dane dotyczące wieku i płci poszkodowanych, obrażeń ciała jakich doznali, rodzaju udzielonej pomocy, a także sprzętu ratowniczego użytego podczas akcji. Oceniono także ramy czasowe wykonywanych przez strażaków czynności aż do chwili przekazania poszkodowanego zespołowi EMS. WYNIKI: Grupę poszkodowanych stanowiły 34 kobiety oraz 66 mężczyzn. Średnia wieku wyniosła 40,3 lat (SD±16,56). Średni czas od momentu przybycia na miejsce zdarzenia do podjęcia czynności ratunkowych wyniósł 1,24 (SD±0,47) minuty. Pomocy poszkodowanym udzielano średnio przez 5,88 (SD±4,45) minut do czasu przekazania EMS. Najczęstszymi obrażeniami było uszkodzenie odcinka szyjnego kręgosłupa (41,34%) i urazy głowy (19,23%). W czterech przypadkach prowadzono CPR. Najczęściej wykorzystywane wyposażenie ratunkowe stanowią rękawiczki i opatrunki. Strażacy w 34,33% wszystkich czynności udzielają wsparcia psychicznego. WNIOSKI: Profil poszkodowanego, któremu udziela pomocy PFS to mężczyzna w wieku 40 lat z obrażeniami szyi i głowy. Strażacy zużywają przede wszystkim środki ochrony osobistej i opatrunki. Przed przybyciem EMS strażacy wdrażają najczęściej pomoc psychologiczną, stabilizację głowy oraz zakładają opatrunki osłonowe. Należy rozważyć modyfikację procesu dydaktycznego w PFS, w celu efektywniejszego wykorzystania zestawów ratunkowych.
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Preventable Deaths Among Trauma Patients

71%
EN
The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the medical rescue service in the city of Łódź and its surrounding areas.Material and methods. The records of the forensic-medical postmortems conducted at the Institute of Forensic Medicine Medical University in Łódź in 2004 were analyzed. For further analysis, the cases of adults who died of mechanical injury resulting from an accident were chosen. Taking into consideration the autopsy diagnosis, the degree of the individual injuries was defined with the use of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Next, the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) were calculated. In cases where specialist medical assistance was given, the medical documentation was analyzed, and the clinical condition of the injured was assessed using the Revised Trauma Scale (RTS), followed by estimation of the probability of survival with the use of the TRISS (Trauma Revised Injury Severity Score).Results and conclusions. Among the analyzed 194 cases of death caused by a mechanical injury resulting from an accident, 19 cases (9.8%) were recognized as preventable (ISS 0-14 or/and NISS 0-14 and/or TRISS >75%). It was established that the deaths assessed as preventable were caused by early or late injury complications, which even correct treatment cannot always prevent.
16
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Content available

Treatment of trauma in pregnancy

60%
EN
Trauma is the most common non-obstetric cause of death among pregnant women, affecting 5–7% of them. In the case of an accident, all first-aid efforts should take into account both the mother and the fetus. In most cases, treating a pregnant woman does not differ from the ITLS (International Trauma Life Support) principles. However, one has to consider the possibility of pregnancy-characteristic injuries as well as the fact that physiological pregnancy can mask some life and health threatening symptoms.
PL
Urazy w ciąży są najczęstszą pozapołożniczą przyczyną zgonów ciężarnych i dotyczą około 5–7% kobiet. Przystępując do udzielania pomocy kobiecie ciężarnej na miejscu wypadku należy pamiętać, że działania ratujące zdrowie i życie muszą obejmować dwie osoby – matkę i jej nienarodzone dziecko. W większości przypadków zaopatrzenie urazów u ciężarnej nie odbiega od schematu ITLS (International Trauma Life Support), należy jednak pamiętać, że może u niej dojść do szczególnych obrażeń typowych tylko dla ciąży. Nie bez znaczenia jest również fakt, że zmiany zachodzące w fizjologicznej ciąży mogą maskować groźne dla zdrowia i życia objawy.
EN
The article is devoted to the coverage of the problem of bricolage as a method of memory reconstruction in the novel “Austerlitz” by the greatest German writer Winfried Sebald. The article notes that “Austerlitz” marks the transition from trauma to conscious identity as part of the historical memory of the Holocaust. It shows how the hero of the work, Jacques Austerlitz, acquires his identity by assembling from scattered information his personal history, reflecting a significant part of the collective tragedy. The genre feature of the work as a travelogue, memoir, investigation, as literature bordering on documentary and artistic experience, where the real is combined with the fictional, is highlighted. The article describes in detail the content of the technique of bricolage as a form of “wild”, “pre-rational” way of thinking, as a technique of fitting auxiliary materials (old photographs, newspaper clippings), a montage of disparate episodes, the technique of collage. The structure of the work’s storytelling is analyzed when the narrator does not tell the story but describes what he hears from Jacques Austerlitz. It is as if it is not a text, but the story itself, which someone tells, and also shows pictures for authenticity. The functions of the hero in the novel gradually shift from people to things, documents, bearers of the memory of individual and collective civilizational catastrophe. These indescribable witnesses break the blockade of traumatic silence around the childhood of Austerlitz, embodied in images of blindness, dumbness, oblivion. Before the protagonist of the work, the “man without a past,” the history of his family, the ghostly happy childhood that was rudely cut short by the separation from his biological parents, is suddenly revealed. Sebald demonstrates a contemporary form of novel narrative in which the truthfulness of the Holocaust narrative is revealed by incorporating the exile’s personal authorial biography, pain, and guilt into the memory of this tragedy. The role of photographs and descriptions of architectural structures in revealing the immanent semantic content of the subject, not manifested verbally, is analyzed. The latter is the key document that unites and structures the important for the writer themes of memories, memory, indifference, oblivion, return to the ghostly past, overcoming of the psychological trauma. Based on the analysis the author concludes that the attitude to the reader as a co-author brings Sebald’s novel closer to the tradition of the European intellectual novel and postmodern hypertexts, in which meaningful units are not presented in a traditional linear sequence, but as a multiplicity of links and transitions. The author notes that the acute experience of humanitarian catastrophe, the multilayered text, the density of meaningful meanings make this work a notable phenomenon in the context of artistic comprehension of traumatic memory.
UK
У статті проаналізовано романи К. Аткінсон «Життя за життям», «Руїни бога» та «Розшифровку» із погляду memory studies. Актуальні завдання дослідження полягали в: 1) в окресленні приватних спогадів у текстовій структурі (ідеться про основні кореляти індивідуальна та колективної пам’яті); 2) оприявленні співвідношення між травмами, що їх зазнали герої, і «ранами часу», завданими ІІ світовою війною; 3) осягненні механізму «кристалізації» колективної пам’яті в певному осередку («місця пам’яті» в романах); 4) окресленні межі культурного архіву, що його відтворює авторка. У студії спостережено, що основний авторський посил романів зосереджений на темі ІІ світової війни, її осмисленні й відображенні в колективній пам’яті британців. Через образи головних героїв авторка відтворює спогади воєнного часу. Завважено, що у всіх романах застосовано хаотичний, а не хронологічний принцип відтворення минулого: фабула набуває циклічного характеру. Такий принцип зображення наслідує роботу людського мозку, яка спорадично видає на поверхню пласти пам’яті. Зазначений калейдоскоп спогадів підпорядковується авторській логіці: розрізнені фрагменти пам’яті складають цілісну історію, співвідносну з національним архівом. Тедді Тодд – уцілілий, той хто вижив задля збереження пам’яті загиблих побратимів (створення «місць пам’яті») та свідчення про воєнні злочини, а також задля плекання нового покоління британців. Воднораз Урсула Тодд і Джульєтта Армстронґ презентують фемінний, проте полярний досвід участі у війні. На перший погляд між героїнями немає суттєвих розбіжностей: обидві працюють на секретні військові відомства, роблячи свій внесок у наближення перемоги, обидві заступили на місця чоловіків, котрі пішли на фронт. Воднораз Джульєтта Армстронґ – подвійна агентка, завербована заради шпигування на користь Радянського Союзу, яка через власну зраду від’єднується від колективної пам’яті. Спогади міс Армстронґ не корелюють із національним архівом, а є певним антиподом до колективної свідомості британців, становлять недосліджену «білу пляму» (феномен зради – це й справді щось із рідні «заплямованості»). Повоєнний обов’язок Тедді й Урсули Тоддів – справжніх спадкоємців національних цінностей – полягає в заліковуванні «ран часу», у збереженні пам’яті про полеглих. Спогади Тоддів мають утілитися в «місця пам’яті» (монументи, музеї, військові поховання, художні твори тощо). Умовний архів роману, відтворені в ньому «місця пам’яті» корелюють із колективною пам’яттю народів Британії, відтак спонукають до осмислення травматичного досвіду, завданого ІІ світовою війною.
EN
The article analyzes Kate Atkinson’s novels «Life after Life», «Ruins of God» and «Transcription» in terms of memory studies. The current objectives of the study were: 1) to outline private memories in the textual structure (these are the main correlates of individual and collective memory); 2) revealing the relationship between the injuries suffered by the heroes and the «wounds of time» inflicted by World War II; 3) understanding the mechanism of «crystallization» of collective memory in a particular cell («place of remembrance» in novels); 4) delineation of the boundaries of the cultural archive, which is reproduced by the author. The study found that the main message of the novels is focused on the theme of World War II, its understanding and reflection in the collective memory of the British. Through the images of the main characters, the author recreates the memories of wartime. It is noticed that in all novels the chaotic, instead of chronological principle of reproduction of the past is applied: the plot acquires cyclic character. This image principle mimics the work of the human brain, which sporadically emits layers of memory. This kaleidoscope of memories follows the author’s logic: the scattered fragments of memory form a coherent history, correlated with the national archive. Teddy Todd is a survivor who survived to preserve the memory of his fallen comrades («places of remembrance») and to testify about war crimes, as well as to nurture a new generation of Britons. At the same time, Ursula Todd and Juliet Armstrong present a feminine but polar experience of war. At first glance, there are no significant differences between the heroines: both work for secret military departments, contributing to the approach of victory, both took the place of men who went to the front. At the same time, Juliet Armstrong is a double agent recruited for espionage in favor of the Soviet Union, who, through her own betrayal, separates herself from the collective memory. Miss Armstrong’s memoirs do not correlate with the National Archives, but are the antithesis of the British collective consciousness, constituting an unexplored «white spot» (the phenomenon of betrayal is indeed something of a native «stain»). The post-war duty of Teddy and Ursula Todd, the true heirs of national values, is to heal the «place of remembrance» and to preserve the memory of the fallen. Todd’s memories should be embodied in «places of remembrance» (monuments, museums, military burials, works of art, etc.). The conditional archive of the novel, the «place of remembrance» recreated in it, correlate with the collective memory of the peoples of Britain, thus encouraging the understanding of the traumatic experience of World War II.
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