Search results

1

History of tracheotomy

100%

Olszewski J., Miłoński J.

Otolaryngologia Polska

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2007

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vol. 61(3)

349-352

EN

The present notion - tracheotomy, originates from the Latin words trachea – windpipe, which comes from the combination of Latin “tracheia” and Greek “arteria” indicating an uneven road, and “tome” – cut. Procedures of pharyngotomy have a long-lasting history. First similar operations were found on the ancient Egyptian clay tablets dating back to 3600 BC. Mentions of pharyngotomy operations were found in the papyrus called Ebers’s Papyrus dating back to about 1550 BC, which can obviously be treated as an encyclopaedia of the medical knowledge that the ancient Egyptians possessed. Guidelines for the person performing pharyngotomy were described in Rig Veda – the holy scriptures of Hindi medicine, about 2000 BC. Asclepiads of Prussia in Bithynia (124–156 BC), a Greek physician practising in Rome, is commonly considered the father of pharyngotomy. In the 1st century BC he documented an operation similar to pharyngotomy. Procedures similar to pharyngotomy were conducted by Claudius Galenus of Pergamon (about 130–200 AD) who was treating gladiators at the beginning of his medical career. A precise description of the technique in pharyngotomy performed by the method adopted from Antilla (3rd century AD) was presented by Paulos Aeginata (625–690 AD), whereas in modern times the first surgical pharyngotomy was performed by Antonio Brasavola (1490–1554) in 1546. In those times pharyngotomy operations were applied as life saving procedures and were associated with a desperate fight for life. The best example is given by Sanctorio Santorius (1561–1636) who pierced the trachea lumen with a trocar. All the experiences connected with the pharyngotomy technique were collected by Lorenz Heister (1683–1758) and published in his work “Surgery” in 1716. Until the end of 18th century the work finally established views about performing pharyngotomy operations. In 1856 Eugeniusz Bonchut conducted the first pharyngotomy in a child with passing an intubation tube into the trachea lumen. The operation was performed according to theoretical assumptions by Armando Trausseau (1801–1867), whose contributions to emergency pharyngotomy methods are enormous. Finally, at the beginning of the 20th century Chevalier Jackson (1865–1958) set principles for surgical techniques in pharyngotomy that still remain in force. The return to Sanctorius’s method and also adaptation of Selinger’s method (1953) of cannulation of blood vessels turned out to be fundamental for the further development of transdermal pharyngotomy. The first set for multistage, dilatation pharyngotomy was provided by P. Ciaglia et al. in 1985. A one-stage pharyngotomy by special forceps was described by W. M. Griggs et al. in 1990. A technique of transdermal pharyngotomy from inside the trachea was presented in 1995 by A. Fantoni with his group. Modern methods of transdermal pharyngotomy are good complementary techniques for classical methods of pharyngotomy in both emergency and chronic cases.

2

Early or late tracheotomy in patients after multiple organ trauma

80%

Skrzypiec Ł., Rot P., Fus M., Witkowska A., Możański M., Jurkiewicz D.

Polish Journal of Otolaryngology

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2021

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vol. 75

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issue 6

23-27

EN

Introduction: Prolonged mechanical ventilation in patients after multiple organ trauma is an indication for a tracheotomy procedure being performed i.a. to ensure proper hygiene of patient’s airways. Recommendations regarding the optimum timing for the procedure remain ambiguous. Procedures performed before post-operative day 10 are beneficial for the further course of the treatment and patient’s health. Aim: The main objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between the timing of tracheotomy and the length of mechanical ventilation in patients with multiple organ trauma. Secondary objectives included the assessment of the relationships between the timing of tracheotomy and the lengths of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and total hospitalization as well as the incidence of pneumonia and mortality. Material and methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out in 543 patients in whom tracheotomy had been performed at the Clinical Intensive Care Unit of the Military Institute of Medicine in years 2015–2019. Patients were divided into two groups: (1) those subjected to early tracheotomy (prior to hospitalization day 10); and (2) those subjected to late tracheotomy (at day 10 or later). Results: Duration of mechanical ventilation was shorter in patients subjected to early tracheotomy (by 20.3 days on average). The ICU stay and overall hospitalization lengths were also significantly shorter (by the average of 39.4 and 43.1 days, respectively). The mortality rate in patients subjected to early tracheotomy was lower (2%) than in those subjected to late tracheotomy (9%). Pneumonic complications were more common in patients subjected to tracheotomy at hospitalization day 10 or later. Conclusions: Tracheotomy performed within up to 10 days of hospitalization significantly shortens the lengths of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and total hospitalization while simultaneously reducing the risk of pneumonia. No correlation has been observed between the timing of tracheotomy and patient mortality rates.

3

Decannulation of critically ill patients after long-term mechanical ventilation – predictors from clinical routine data

80%

Heidler M.-D., Salzwedel A., Liero H., Jöbges M., Völler H.

Advances in Rehabilitation

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2014

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vol. 28

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issue 3

5-11

EN

Introduction: Variables predicting successful decannulation from a tracheotomy tube after long-term mechanical ventilation remain obscure. Material and methods: To identify such predictors, data from 150 consecutive critically ill patients with a tracheotomy for the purpose of mechanical ventilation were analyzed retrospectively. Of the 150 tracheotomized patients who were admitted to a rehabilitation center, 103 were successfully decannulated. Items concerning socio-demographic data, indication for mechanical ventilation (neurologic, cardiologic, respiratory or gastro-intestinal disease), comorbidities, tracheotomy technique (dilatational vs. surgical), duration of mechanical ventilation, complications during weaning from tracheotomy tube, and also care dependency, alertness and the degree of aspiration at admission to the rehabilitation clinic were tested using a multiple logistic regression model. Results: A successful decannulation was associated with no complications during decannulation procedure (OR 0.175, 95% CI; p=0.002), high alertness at the beginning of rehabilitation (OR 1.079, 95% CI; p=0.014), female gender (OR 0.338, 95% CI; p=0.031), a low number of comorbidities (OR 0.737, 95% CI; p=0.043), and dilatational tracheotomy (OR 2.375, 95% CI; p=0.054). Conclusions: The identified predictor variables can be collected easily in the clinical routine. Except for complications during decannulation procedure all predictors can be assessed at admission with the result that a prediction of decannulation success is possible very early in clinical course.

4

Scared atrophy of the cervical part of trachea as an effect of prolongated intubation

80%

Gawęcki W., Kopeć T., Kruk-Zagajewska A., Jerzy W.

Otolaryngologia Polska

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2007

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vol. 61(3)

339-343

EN

Tracheal intubation is presently one of the basic medical procedures. It is connected with many different complications. One of them is tracheal stenosis, which occurs in 6–21 percent of patients after intubation of the trachea. In contrast to this high frequency of tracheal stenosis we didn’t find any publications about complete atrophy of a big part of trachea after prolongated intubation and we describe a first case of such complication. The reasons and the possibilities of treatment in such situation are discussed.

5

Report on the XLVIII Congress Polish Society of Otorhinolaryngologists Head and Neck Surgeons, Katowice, 5 – 8.09.2018

61%

Niemczyk K.

Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny

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2018

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vol. 7(3)

63-67

EN

W dniach 5–8 września 2018 r. w Katowicach odbył się XLVIII Zjazd Polskiego Towarzystwa Otorynolaryngologów – Chirurgów Głowy i Szyi. Zjazd został zorganizowany przez Katedrę i Klinikę Laryngologii Wydziału Lekarskiego Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach oraz Polskie Towarzystwo Otorynolaryngologów – Chirurgów Głowy i Szyi. Klinika Laryngologii w Katowicach na przestrzeni 67 Iat swojego istnienia dwukrotnie organizowała już krajowy Zjazd PTORL: w roku 1968 Klinika zorganizowała XXVII Zjazd Polskiego Towarzystwa Otolaryngologów, a kolejny krajowy XXXVIII Zjazd PTORL odbył się w Katowicach dokładnie 30 lat później ‒ w 1998 r. W bieżącym roku, po kolejnych 20 latach, ponownie nasza Klinika zorganizowała krajowy Zjazd PTORL. Na ten zjazd zarejestrowało się 894 uczestników, zgłoszono 335 referatów i 74 plakaty.

6

Acute dyspnea as a manifestation of Forestier's disease. A case report

51%

Kuryłowicz J., Stodulski D., Garsta E., Mikaszewski B.

Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny

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2021

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vol. 10(1)

49-52

EN

Introduction: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), also known as Forestier’s disease, is a noninflammatory disease and is characterized by ossification of the anterolateral aspect of vertebral bodies, mostly in thoracic part of the spine. Although, usually, DISH is asymptomatic, in rare cases osteophytes located in the cervical part of the spine can cause otolaryngological manifestations, such as dysphagia (most common), hoarseness and stridor Case report: In differential diagnosis of upper respiratory tract symptoms, we should consider DISH. We present case of 82-years old male patient with acute dyspnea, who was diagnosed with osteophytes of C4–C7 vertebral bodies. In this case conservative therapy was not efficient, therefore successful surgical treatment was performed. BMI – Body Mass IndexCRP – C Reactive Protein CT – computed tomography DISH – diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis GERD – gastro-esophageal reflux disease MRI – magnetic resonance imaging NSAIDs – nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ORL PPI – proton pump inhibitors Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hypMRerostosis (DISH), also known as Forestier’s disease, was first described under the name “senile ankylosing hyperostisis of the spine” by Jacques Forestier in 1950 [1]. It is a noninflammatory disease, characterized by ossification of the anterolateral aspect of vertebral bodies, mostly in thoracic part of the spine. It may also involve enthesopathy of the extremities. Forestier’s disease is a rather common condition, which affects approximately 40% of older (>65 years old) male patients. Prevalence of DISH increases with age (56% for age >80 years old), BMI and blood pressure [2] and is associated with diabetes mellitus, elevated insulin-like growth factor and hyperuricemia [3].Although usually DISH is asymptomatic, in rare cases osteophytes located in the cervical part of the spine can cause otolaryngological manifestations, such as dysphagia (most common), hoarseness and stridor [4–10]. null null null null An 82-years old man was admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology due to acute dyspnea with stridor at rest. Respiratory disorder was progressing for 2 months. Moreover, patient complained of dysphagia and hoarseness, which were present for a year. The patient was diagnosed with GERD and treatment was administrated. Medical history was significant of duodenal ulcer with perforation and prostate cancer treated with hormonal therapy for 13 months. Flexible nasopharyngoscopy revealed large mass protruding from the posterior wall of hypopharynx and oedema, which concealed interarytenoid notch and partly rima glottis (Fig. 1.). No other abnormalities in ORL examination were present. Increased CRP level and impaired fasting glucose were found in laboratory tests during hospitalization. CT (Fig. 2.) and MRI (Fig. 3.) revealed massive osteophytes on the anterior part of vertebral bodies C4–C7 without intervertebral disc space narrowing, thickened vestibular folds and peri-arytenoid region. X-ray revealed no changes in sacro-iliac joints. Hypopharyngoscopy and microlaryngoscopy were performed in due to rule out neoplastic changes. Antibiotis, steroids and high doses of PPI (proton pump inhibitors) were administered, resulting in oedema decrease and resolution of the symptoms. After 7 months patient was hospitalized again, due to acute dyspnea and stridor. Increased CRP level was found in laboratory tests. Despite conservative therapy (corticosteroids, antibiotics and PPI) no significant respiratory improvement was achieved, therefore decision on surgical treatment was made. Patient was referred to the Department of Neurosurgery where, after elective tracheotomy, cervical osteophytes (C2–C5) were removed, using an anterolateral transcervical approach, without any complications (Fig. 4.). Because of postoperative laryngeal and hypopharyngeal oedema, steroid therapy was maintained. Decannulation was performed on 7th postoperative day, although patient complained of more severe dysphagia with aspiration while swallowing. Nasogastric feeding tube was inserted for 3 weeks. At the 6-month follow up dyspnea and dysphagia are absent, patient successfully swallows solid food and liquids. Endoscopic examination revealed only small protrusion and minor oedema on posterior wall of hypopharynx on the level of arytenoids (Fig. 5., 6.). null null Forestier’s disease otolaryngological manifestations are extremely rare. The most common symptom is dysphagia, aside from it aspiration [11], dyspnea (with or without stridor) and hoarseness [4].Our patient’s main complaint and reason of hospitalization was dyspnea, while dysphagia was secondary problem. Foregoing symptoms can occur not only due to osteophytes compression on larynx and esophagus, but also because of chronic inflammation and chronic or recurrent edema caused by mechanic irritation. Other symptoms, such as aspiration while swallowing, can be caused by impaired movability of epiglottis or vocal chords [8, 11].In presented case symptoms (especially dyspnoe) were increasing during upper respiratory tract infections and due to exacerbation of GERD.In literature authors described similar cases, where inflammation led to oedema, chronic or remitting during infection, which worsened patient’s condition [12, 13] and caused respiratory decompensation, necessitating even urgent tracheotomy [10].During diagnosis of DISH with otolaryngologic manifestations, mirror laryngoscopy and fiberoscopy should be performed. It can reveal fine, firm protrusion on the posterior wall of pharynx, accompanied by oedema and impaired movability of larynx [8].In differential diagnosis of protrusion on the posterior wall of pharynx we should consider retropharyngeal pathologies, such as malignant tumors (including lymphoma), benign tumors, metastases, congenital defects (e.g. vascular malformations), lymphadenopathy, retropharyngeal abscess or massive oedema. Imaging (CT, MRI) can rule out these diseases [14].Forestier’s disease should also be distinguished from other pathologies, which involve vertebral bodies, including ankylosing spondylitis, osteophytes in osteoarthritis or osteomas [3]. Differential diagnosis can be based on Resnick’s radiological classification criteria of DISH [15]: presence of flowing calcification and ossification along with the anterolateral aspects of at least four contiguous vertebral bodies, relative preservation of intervertebral disc height in the involved vertebral segments and absence of apophyseal joint bony ankylosis and sacro-iliac joint erosion, sclerosis or bony fusion.In cases with dysphagia being the main patient’s complaint, esophagogram with barium swallowing should be performed [5, 9, 11]. Elective panendoscopy with biopsy should always be considered to rule out neoplasm [5, 16].If DISH is diagnosed accidently in imaging, we can assume an expectant attitude. Conservative treatment with NSAIDs, steroids and dietary measures can be introduced in cases without weight loss and with minor respiratory symptoms. Gastroesophageal reflux can be symptom-worsening factor, therefore PPI treatment should be considered. If conservative treatment is not effective, osteophytes’ surgical removal is recommended, preferably using anterolateral approach [16].In our case, conservative therapy was not sufficient. Massive hypopharyngeal oedema and stridor were present in spite of high doses of corticosteroids. Due to the pre-operative oedema we decided to perform an elective tracheotomy before neurosurgical intervention, to avoid possible complications [13].It is remarkable, that after surgery dyspnea resolved after few days, whilst dysphagia and aspiration worsened in post-operative time and nasogastric tube insertion was necessary.Authors present this case in aim to draw attention to Forestier’s disease as possible reason for respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms among elderly people.

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