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A Comparative Analysis of the Kayak Forward Stroke

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Skopek M., Bacakova R., Bily M., Tunkova K.
Physical Activity Review
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2019
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issue 7
107-113
EN
This work follows previous research in the field which investigated the comparison of two types of paddling. These studies, however, focused on the similarity of kayaking and trainers, more precisely ergometers, that are used by racers during their training in the winter. However, the results of these studies indicate a significant difference in muscle involvement. Aim of Study: The aim of this study is to describe and to compare the muscle activation of the kayak forward stroke performed in a pool with an opposite/counter current and on flat/calm water. Material and Methods: The research was conducted via a selected sample of eight kayakers (subjects) who had attained a high level of performance in whitewater slalom. We observed the activity of twelve selected muscles used during the kayak forward stroke performed in a counterflow pool and on flat water by means of surface electromyography and kinematic analysis. Study results point to effects in relation to intraindividual and subsequently inter-individual muscle timing and the size of the muscle activation due to maximal voluntary contraction. We used comparative analysis and the data were measured by surface electromyography and 2D video-analysis. Results: The results proved equal timing of muscles in a counterflow pool and on flat water. The muscle activity in the counterflow pool was bigger than on flat water. Conclusion: From our results we can recommend a pool which makes use of a counter current as a replacement training tool. Compared with other training devices which might be used (such as, crank ergometers, paddling trainers, and paddling pools), this kind of training device gives the kayaker one great advantage. It is the fact that the kayaker has the same placement of the fixed point and the preservation of the feeling of grasping water.
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Muscle Fatigue in the Three Heads of the Triceps Brachii During a Controlled Forceful Hand Grip Task with Full Elbow Extension Using Surface Electromyography

100%
Ali M. A., Sundaraj K., Ahmad R. B., Ahamed N. U., Islam M. A., Sundaraj S.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 1
69-76
EN
The objective of the present study was to investigate the time to fatigue and compare the fatiguing condition among the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle using surface electromyography during an isometric contraction of a controlled forceful hand grip task with full elbow extension. Eighteen healthy subjects concurrently performed a single 90 s isometric contraction of a controlled forceful hand grip task and full elbow extension. Surface electromyographic signals from the lateral, long and medial heads of the triceps brachii muscle were recorded during the task for each subject. The changes in muscle activity among the three heads of triceps brachii were measured by the root mean square values for every 5 s period throughout the total contraction period. The root mean square values were then analysed to determine the fatiguing condition for the heads of triceps brachii muscle. Muscle fatigue in the long, lateral, and medial heads of the triceps brachii started at 40 s, 50 s, and 65 s during the prolonged contraction, respectively. The highest fatiguing rate was observed in the long head (slope = −2.863), followed by the medial head (slope = −2.412) and the lateral head (slope = −1.877) of the triceps brachii muscle. The results of the present study concurs with previous findings that the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle do not work as a single unit, and the fiber type/composition is different among the three heads.
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Effects of a Dynamic Warm-Up, Static Stretching or Static Stretching with Tendon Vibration on Vertical Jump Performance and EMG Responses

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Yapicioglu B., Colakoglu M., Colakoglu Z., Gulluoglu H., Bademkiran F., Ozkaya O.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 39
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issue 1
49-57
EN
The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of static stretching, with vibration given directly over Achilles tendon, on electro-myographic (EMG) responses and vertical jump (VJ) performances. Fifteen male, college athletes voluntarily participated in this study (n=15; age: 22±4 years old; body height: 181±10 cm; body mass: 74±11 kg). All stages were completed within 90 minutes for each participant. Tendon vibration bouts lasted 30 seconds at 50 Hz for each volunteer. EMG analysis for peripheral silent period, H-reflex, H-reflex threshold, T-reflex and H/M ratio were completed for each experimental phases. EMG data were obtained from the soleus muscle in response to electro stimulation on the popliteal post tibial nerve. As expected, the dynamic warm-up (DW) increased VJ performances (p=0.004). Increased VJ performances after the DW were not statistically substantiated by the EMG findings. In addition, EMG results did not indicate that either static stretching (SS) or tendon vibration combined with static stretching (TVSS) had any detrimental or facilitation effect on vertical jump performances. In conclusion, using TVSS does not seem to facilitate warm-up effects before explosive performance.
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Evaluation of the influence of low and high heel shoes on erector spine muscle bioelectrical activity assessed at baseline and during movement

63%
Mika A., Oleksy Ł., Mikołajczyk E., Marchewka A.
Medical Rehabilitation
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2009
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vol. 13(3)
9-18
EN
Introduction: Back pain due to the wearing of high heel shoes may result from increased erector spine activity and also from higher proximal ground reaction forces or center of body mass dislocation.Aim: The assessment of changes in the erector spine muscle due to the non-physiological foot position in low and high heel shoes.Material and Methods: In 31 women aged 20-25 years (height 167,6 ±5.8 cm; weight 60,35 ±6,49 kg) without back pain, the bioelectrical activity of the erector spine muscle was assessed. A lumbar spine sequence test was performed without shoes and in low (4 cm) and in high (10 cm) heel shoes. Muscle activity on the right and left sides was evaluated at baseline and during movement. The mean and peak signal value were compared between 3 measurements (without, in low and in high heel shoes).Results: A statistically significant increase in erector spine activity was observed in Trunk Flexion (p<0,05) and during Flexion-Relaxation Position (p<0,05) when wearing high hell shoes. Those variables correlated significantly in all 3 measurements (without, in low and in high heel shoes). A significant correlation was noted between the Flexion-Relaxation Position and Extension/Flexion Ratio (p<0,05). Bioelectrical erector spine activity differed significantly during Rotation Right and Rotation Left in all 3 measurements respectively (p<0,05).Conclusion: The prolonged wearing of shoes with stiletto type low and high heels by individuals without back pain is not safe for their spine and may lead to chronic paraspinal muscle fatigue
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