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1

Acute Effects of Stretching on Flexibility, Power and Sport Specific Performance in Fencers

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Tsolakis C., Douvis A., Tsigganos G., Zacharogiannis E., Smirniotou A.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2010

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vol. 26

105-114

EN

Elite athletes are eager to perform to the best of their ability, regardless of different warm-up stretching techniques used before training or competition which actually help or hinder specific performance variables. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of static or ballistic stretching on flexibility and leg power characteristics of fencing performance in fencers of both genders. Ten male and ten female international level fencers participated in this study. Each subject performed static or ballistic stretching (3 sets of 20 sec) on three muscles of the lower limbs on separate days. Flexibility, squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump, time and power of lunge and shuttle run test were measured before and after different stretching interventions. Neither static nor ballistic stretching exercises affected flexibility, jumping ability and leg functional fencing performance tests. Moreover, stretching conditions did not affect differently. The results of this study suggest that static or ballistic stretching in the later stages of a general warm-up normally used before training or competition does not hinder specific performance in fencing. Consequently, fencers can continue performing any type of stretching before training or competition at their preference.

2

Effects of Different Intensities of Flexibility Training on Explosive Force

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Galdino L., Nogueira C., e Silva Galdino E., de Lima J., de Souza Vale R., Dantas E.

Human Movement

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2010

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vol. 11

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issue 2

162-166

EN

Purpose. To verify whether there are changes in the performance levels of the explosive force when the same muscle group previously underwent different intensities of flexibility training (stretch & flex). Basic procedures. The tests were performed with 25 females on three consecutive days and were preceded by a 10-minute warm-up period. First, each participant performed a maximum vertical jump on a contact platform. The jump was repeated after 10 minutes, and the first day was considered the control (C). On the second day, a routine of stretching exercises (S) was included, and on the third day, the same routine, but intensified with a maximum static stretching exercises (flexibilizing - F), was used. Main findings. The height reached in the control jump decreased by 0.17%, showing no influence on the performance when the jump happened on the same day, with a time-interval of only 10 minutes (p = 0.903). On the day of the stretching routine, there was a reduction of 3.6% (p = 0.001), and on the third day with flexibilizing, there was a 6.8% reduction (p = 0.001). A comparison of the groups showed no significant differences between them. Conclusions. The jumps after the two stretching routines were significantly lower. Submaximal or maximal (flexibilizing) stretching exercises reduced the explosive force of vertical jumps, although the differences between the training intensities were not significant.

3

Warm-up: A case study on maximal oxygen consumption as it relates to acute stretching

100%

Yuktasir B.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2008

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vol. 19

165-176

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of static and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretches on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). Ten physically active men (mean ± SD, 23.80 ± 1.54 years, 70.60 ± 9.70 kg, 1.74.60 ± 5.23 m), who were healthy students volunteered to take part in the study. The participants were subjected to Static and PNF stretching exercises. After the interventions, the Bruce treadmill protocol was applied to measure VO2 max values. The expired gases were collected and analyzed continuously using the Cortex Metalyzer II. Analysis of variance showed significant main effects for interventions (F(2,18)=10.74, p<.05) on VO2 max. The main result of this study showed that both static and PNF stretching exercises improved VO2 max values.

4

Electromyography Assessments of the Vastus Medialis Muscle during Soccer Instep Kicking between Dynamic and Static Stretching

100%

Amiri-Khorasani M., Osman N., Yusof A.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2010

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vol. 24

35-42

EN

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static and dynamic stretching within a pre-exercise warm-up on vastus medialis muscle activity during instep kicking and ball velocity in soccer players. The kicking motions of dominant legs were captured from using six synchronized high-speed infra-red cameras at 200 Hz and Electromyography at 100 Hz. There was significant difference in vastus medialis activity after dynamic stretching relative to no stretching condition (0.12 ± 0.06 mV) versus static stretching relative to no stretching condition (-0.21 ± 0.10 mV) with p < 0.001). In addition, there was also a significant difference in ball velocity after dynamic stretching relative to no stretching condition (4.53 ± 2.10 m/s) versus static stretching relative to no stretching condition (-1.48 ± 2.43 m/s) with p < 0.003. We concluded that dynamic stretching during the warm-up, as compared to static stretching, is probably more effective as preparation for optimal muscle activity and finally have high ball velocity which is required in soccer.

5

The characteristics of Indonesian para-cycling athletes’ injuries

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Hanief Y. N., Umar F.

Advances in Rehabilitation

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2020

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vol. 34

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issue 3

37-46

EN

Introduction Amputee cyclists with different types of disabilities compete in same category in the Paralympics Games, and para-cycling has the highest risk of injury. This is because the areas used for training are velodromes and highways. The nature of these injuries is closely related to the recovery rate, absence from training, and even the end of a career. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of sports injuries sustained by para-cycling athletes when joining the Indonesia National team.   Material and methods The sample was a group of 19 athletes (16 males and three females) with a mean age of 30 ± 5.02. A questionnaire consisting of 25 questions was used to obtain data, which was adapted from Nowak’s questionnaire. Data analysis was represented in the form of numbers and percentages, and Fisher's exact test was used to determine the relationship between variables.   Results The results showed injuries are most common in the lower limbs (57%) by falling (73%). The effects of the athletes’ falls are bruises (42%), twists or sprains (17%), and fractures (17%).   Conclusions Para-cycling athletes experience the lower extremity injuries. An athletes' fall affects the lower extremities leading to contusion or bruises (on the knee and lower leg, when falling during training), twist or sprain (in the ankle, occurs during a training session), and fracture (caused by a fall during a training session).

6

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF): Its Mechanisms and Effects on Range of Motion and Muscular Function

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Hindle K., Whitcomb T., Briggs W., Hong J.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2012

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vol. 31

105-113

EN

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is common practice for increasing range of motion, though little research has been done to evaluate theories behind it. The purpose of this study was to review possible mechanisms, proposed theories, and physiological changes that occur due to proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques. Four theoretical mechanisms were identified: autogenic inhibition, reciprocal inhibition, stress relaxation, and the gate control theory. The studies suggest that a combination of these four mechanisms enhance range of motion. When completed prior to exercise, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation decreases performance in maximal effort exercises. When this stretching technique is performed consistently and post exercise, it increases athletic performance, along with range of motion. Little investigation has been done regarding the theoretical mechanisms of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, though four mechanisms were identified from the literature. As stated, the main goal of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is to increase range of motion and performance. Studies found both of these to be true when completed under the correct conditions. These mechanisms were found to be plausible; however, further investigation needs to be conducted. All four mechanisms behind the stretching technique explain the reasoning behind the increase in range of motion, as well as in strength and athletic performance. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation shows potential benefits if performed correctly and consistently.

7

Influence of the Number of Sets at a Strength Training in the Flexibility Gains

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Júnior R., Leite T., Reis V.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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vol. 29A

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issue Special Issue

47-52

EN

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 weeks of strength training with different number of sets and their influence on flexibility of young men. Sixty men were divided into three groups as follows: group that trained 1 set per exercise (G1S), group that trained 3 sets per exercise (G3S) and control group (CG). The training lasted 10 weeks, totaling 30 training sessions. The training groups performed 8 to 12 repetitions per set for each exercise. The flexibility at Sit and Reach Test was evaluated pre and post-training. Both trained groups showed significant increase in flexibility when compared to pre-training and the G3S showed significant difference when compared to CG post-training. According to this study, the strength training carried out without flexibility training promotes flexibility gains regardless the number of sets.

8

Influence of Static Stretching Duration on Quadriceps Force Development and Eletromyographic Activity

88%

Rossi L., Pereira R., Simão R., Brandalize M., Gomes A.

Human Movement

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2010

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vol. 11

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issue 2

137-143

EN

Purpose. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the influence of static stretching duration on quadriceps muscle isometric force and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. Basic procedures. Twenty recreationally-active healthy men were selected for the study. On two separate days, participants took part in two stretching protocols of different durations. Following a specific warmup, participants performed isometric strength assessments of the dominant leg before and after a bout of quadriceps stretching. The stretching protocol consisted of two stretches for the quadriceps muscle for three repetitions of 30 seconds on one visit, and 60 seconds on the other. Main findings. The results revealed a significant reduction in quadriceps muscle mean and peak forces and EMG activity for the rectus femoris with both 30- and 60-second stretching protocols (p ≤ 05). However, EMG activity of the vastus lateralis decreased significantly only in the 60-second protocol (p ≤ 05). Conclusions. Both stretching protocols induced significant decreases in strength and EMG activity, although the stretching duration (60 × 30) did not appear to be a major influencing factor for the current strength reductions. In this perspective, coaches and athletes should avoid flexibility training which consists in stretching repetitions of 30 seconds or longer prior to competitions.

9

Characteristics of injuries of young adult male basketball players

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Nowak A. M., Pytel A., Molik B., Marszałek J.

Advances in Rehabilitation

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2019

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vol. 33

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issue 3

35-46

EN

Introduction Basketball is characterized by high intensity play and a lot of physical contact. Players are required to be well-trained physically in order to be able to face the dynamics, speed and variability of the game and the training loads to which they are exposed. Basketball is a sport that predisposes the athletes to musculoskeletal injuries. The aim of this study was to characterize the injuries experienced by young adult male basketball players. Material and methods Young adult male Polish basketball players from various clubs (17±1.4 years; n = 28; 47%) and amateur basketball players (17±1.4 years; n =30; 53%) took part in this study. To assess the injuries of young basketball players, a survey consisting of 28 questions was used. Results The most common injuries were lower limb injuries (54%), of which ankle injuries prevailed (ankle injuries were the most common injuries of all). Upper limb injuries accounted for 36% of all injuries. Of these, subluxations in finger joints occurred most often. Most often, injuries occurred during physical contact with another player (40%). Despite an injury, the players either did not alter the length of their warm-up or they devoted more time to it. In terms of stretching before a training session or a match, differences between players training up to three times a week and players training four or more times per week were statistically significant (χ2 = 8.926, p = 0.012, V = 0.392). Conclusions Basketball is a sport that causes injuries. Basketball players mostly experience lower limb injuries.

10

The Effect of Corrective Exercises on the Range of Motion of the Hip Joints and the Result Obtained in the Deep Squat of FMS Test

88%

Oleksiak J., Sobianek A., Janiszewski M.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2019

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vol. 26

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issue 2

31-40

EN

Squat is a fundamental motor pattern in everyday activities, e.g. sitting or lifting objects from the ground. One of the reasons for the poor quality of the squat pattern lies in limited mobility. The study assessed the effects of one-off and 4-week squat correction based on the mobility system exercises. The study involved 40 people, divided into a test group (18 women, 2 men, ± 24.6 years) and a control group (10 women, 10 men ± 23.6 years). All participants have been subjected to three tests twice: a deep squat test - according to the FMS ™ concept, the Active Straight Leg Raise test and the "four" test. After the test, four corrective exercises were recommended and the study continued. The subjects from the test group performed the recommended exercises for 4 weeks, 3 times a week. The protocol was repeated for both groups after 4 weeks, according to the same methodology. For the ASLR test and the "four" test, a significant improvement was observed both after a single session and after a 4-week correction program. With the improvement of these ranges, the result in the deep squat test also improved. A statistically significant improvement in the result was obtained in 9 out of 40 people (22.5%) after a single measurement. As a result of a 4-week correction, the improvement of the squat occurred only after repeated correction. The use of corrective exercises in the hip joints may translate into an improvement in the squat pattern.

11

3D face reconstruction with region based best fit blending using mobile phone for virtual reality based social media

63%

Anbarjafari G., Haamer R. E., Lüsi I., Tikk T., Valgma L.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

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2019

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issue 1

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Acute Effects of Stretching on Flexibility, Power and Sport Specific Performance in Fencers

Effects of Different Intensities of Flexibility Training on Explosive Force

Warm-up: A case study on maximal oxygen consumption as it relates to acute stretching

Electromyography Assessments of the Vastus Medialis Muscle during Soccer Instep Kicking between Dynamic and Static Stretching

The characteristics of Indonesian para-cycling athletes’ injuries

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF): Its Mechanisms and Effects on Range of Motion and Muscular Function

Influence of the Number of Sets at a Strength Training in the Flexibility Gains

Influence of Static Stretching Duration on Quadriceps Force Development and Eletromyographic Activity

Characteristics of injuries of young adult male basketball players

The Effect of Corrective Exercises on the Range of Motion of the Hip Joints and the Result Obtained in the Deep Squat of FMS Test

3D face reconstruction with region based best fit blending using mobile phone for virtual reality based social media