Background. Alpine skiing is becoming more and more popular sport among young people, adults and the elderly. Each sport discipline is accompanied by the risk of injury or more complex trauma. During skiing, it is important to ensure the safety of skiers through efficient skiing equipment, appropriate clothing, properly prepared slope as well as functional and motor preparation of the athlete. The aim of the study was to determine whether sex and age affect the type of fracture, treatment management, length of hospitalization, limb immobilization period. Additionally, the relationship between the limb healing method and the type of fracture, time of immobilization and period of hospitalization were studied. Material and methods: 45 children (41 boys, 4 girls) aged from 5 to 16 years were enrolled in the study. The collected data were acquired from medical history files of the patients treated in the Saint Hedwig Provincial Clinical Hospital No 2 in Rzeszów. Results: Sex and age do not affect the type of fracture, treatment method, duration of hospitalization and limb immobilization period. Our research shows that the type of fracture has a statistically significant effect on the treatment, the time of hospitalization and limb immobilization period (p <0.05). In addition, it has been shown that the treatment method used has a significant impact on the length of the patient’s hospitalization. Conclusions: It was shown that the type of fracture had an effect on the period of hospitalization. Small patients with multiple and spiral fractures of the lower leg required longer observation in hospital setting. The limb immobilization time was a consequence of the type of fracture experienced and the method of treatment used.
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Wstęp. Narciarstwo zjazdowe jest sportem cieszącym się coraz większą popularnością zarówno u osób młodych, dorosłych, jak i osób w podeszłym wieku. Każdej dyscyplinie sportowej towarzyszy ryzyko wystąpienia kontuzji lub bardziej złożonego urazu. W narciarstwie ważne jest zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa narciarzy poprzez sprawny sprzęt narciarski, odpowiedni ubiór, prawidłowo przygotowana trasa zjazdowa oraz przygotowanie funkcjonalne i motoryczne sportowca. Celem badań było stwierdzenie czy płeć oraz wiek wpływają na rodzaj złamania, sposób leczenia, czas pobytu w szpitalu, okres unieruchomienia kończyny, dodatkowo badano zależność między metodą leczenia kończyny a rodzajem złamania, czasem unieruchomienia oraz okresem hospitalizacji. Materiał i metody. Do badania zakwalifikowano 45 dzieci (41 chłopców, 4 dziewczyny) w wieku od 5 do 16 lat. Zebrane dane pochodziły z historii pacjentów leczonych w Klinicznym Szpitalu Wojewódzkim nr 2 im. Świętej Jadwigi Królowej w Rzeszowie. Wyniki. Płeć i wiek nie mają wpływu na rodzaj złamania, sposób leczenia, czas pobytu w szpitalu oraz okres unieruchomienia kończyny. Z badań własnych wynika, że rodzaj złamania ma istotny statystycznie wpływ na sposób leczenia, czas hospitalizacji oraz okres unieruchomienia kończyny (p<0.05). Dodatkowo wykazano, że zastosowana metoda leczenia ma istotny wpływ na długość hospitalizacji pacjenta. Wnioski. Wykazano, że rodzaj złamania miał wpływ na okres hospitalizacji. Mali pacjenci ze złamaniami wieloodłamowymi oraz spiralnymi kości podudzia wymagają dłuższego czasu obserwacji w warunkach szpitalnych. Stwierdzono, że czas unieruchomienia kończyny był konsekwencją rodzaju doznanego złamania oraz sposobu zastosowanego leczenia.
A 21years patient, a female athlete, representative of Poland reported to the team physician for 105-115/min resting tachycardia, weight loss, reduced exercise tolerance and perceived chronic fatigue in the preseason period. She was referred to have laboratory tests, ECG and thyroid hormone assessment due to her clinical picture. ECG and heart rhythm measurement (90 bpm), revealed no ischemic changes, blood count with smear was normal and thyroid hormone tests results were: TSH 0.013 uIU/ml (N:0.27-4.2); FT3 16.4 pg/ml (N: 2.0-4.4) ; FT4 5.98 ng/dl (N:0.93 -1.7). The patient underwent endocrinological consultation and thyroid gland ultrasound was performed. Thiamazole and propranolol were prescribed due to the diagnosed thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid hormone control, ECG and blood morphology were recommended after 2 weeks of therapy. The athlete completely withdrew from training. As far as training was concerned, she was allowed to perform oxygen effort up to 50% of the maximum heart rate. The full-range training was allowed 27 days after the diagnosis, based on the result and the patient’s overall health state. The treatment was changed by reduction of thiamazole dosage. Due to the development of hypothyroidism, thyroid hormones were supplemented. The entire course of treatment, from the first result of the degraded thyroid gland to obtaining normal hormone levels lasted 79 days. The reported case is an example of thyrotoxicosis symptoms, the treatment, systematic observation and the patient’s self-control. The study outcome showed that, despite a month-long exclusion from the training cycle in the peak of preparation, it is possible to return to sport and win medals in world championships.
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21-pacjentka, zawodniczka, reprezentantka Polski. Zgłosiła się do lekarza kadry z powodu tachykardii spoczynkowej 105-115/min, utraty masy ciała, zmniejszonej tolerancji wysiłku oraz odczuwalnego przewlekłego zmęczenia w okresie przygotowawczym do sezonu. W związku z obrazem klinicznym zlecono badania laboratoryjne, EKG oraz hormony tarczycy. W EKG rytm miarowy 90/min, bez zmian niedokrwiennych, morfologia krwi z rozmazem w normie, badania hormonów tarczycy: TSH 0,013 uIU/ml (N:0,27-4,2); FT3 16,4 pg/ml (N: 2,0-4,4); FT4 5,98 ng/dl (N:0,93 -1,7). Pacjentkę konsultowano endokrynologicznie oraz wykonano USG tarczycy. W związku z rozpoznaniem tyreotoksykozy włączono tiamazol oraz propranolol. Zalecono kontrolę hormonów tarczycy, EKG oraz morfologię krwi po 2 tygodniach terapii. Zawodniczkę całkowicie odsunięto od treningów. Po 2,5 tygodniach od pierwszej diagnozy wykonano kontrolne badania, uzyskując poprawę, także w zakresie stanu ogólnego. W kwestii treningów zawodniczka dostała pozwolenie na wysiłek tlenowy do 50% maksymalnego tętna. Do treningów w pełnym zakresie zawodniczkę dopuszczono po 27 dniach od diagnozy, na podstawie wyników i stanu ogólnego. Zmieniono leczenie redukując dawkę tiamazolu. Z uwagi na rozwój niedoczynności suplementowano hormony tarczycy. Cały cykl leczenia, od pierwszych wyników wskazujących na nadczynność tarczycy, do uzyskania prawidłowych poziomów hormonalnych trwał 79 dni. Przytoczony przypadek jest przykładem występujących w tyreotoksykozie objawów, leczenia, systematycznej obserwacji i samokontroli pacjentki. Pokazuje, że mimo miesięcznego wyłączenia z cyklu treningowego w szczycie przygotowań, możliwy jest powrót do sportu zwieńczony medalami mistrzostw świata.
Background. Purpose of the study was to determine the degree of frequently of injuries in four sports-team games and determine the relationship between the disciplines and the type and prevalence of the most common injuries, as well as their similarities in this, in a multidimensional approach. Material and methods. The research was conducted in the year 2017, in sports clubs on the territory of the Lower Silesia region. Research group accounted for 125 male athletes aged between 15 and 18 years of age (Cadet-junior) with an average of 16.27 years. They represented 4 sports. 22 athletes with American football, 30 athletes football, 49 players handball and 24 volleyball athletes. The analysis uses survey data on the history of injuries related to cultivated discipline related to the circumstances, the part of the body and type of injury. Results. The vast majority of the surveyed 81.60% had an injury as a result of practicing chosen sport. The most common injuries suffered footballers, 96.66%, the least volleyball players 54.55%. The most common injuries are the limbs, especially low limb-70.40% of all identified injuries. The most common type of injury is breaking 54.40%. Overall, a little less injuries to the affected muscle damage (break, sprain) 52% Conclusions. Practice of the presented sports team involves a risk of injury. Most of the injuries are exposed footballers, and the least volleyball players. Injuries most often apply to the lower limbs, with most of the bruises and muscle injuries. Calls for a search for preventive solutions to protect players from injuries.
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Wstęp. Celem badań było określenie częstości urazów czterech dyscyplin sportowych – gier zespołowych oraz określenia powiązań między poszczególnymi dyscyplinami, a rodzajem i miejscem występowania najczęstszych urazów, a także ich podobieństw pod tym, w ujęciu wielowymiarowym. Materiał i metody. Badania przeprowadzono w 2017 roku, w klubach sportowych funkcjonujących na terenie województwa dolnośląskiego. Grupę badawczą stanowiło 125 zawodników płci męskiej w wieku między 15 a 18 rokiem życia (kadet-junior) ze średnią 16,27 lat. Reprezentowali oni 4 dyscypliny sportowe. 22 zawodników uprawiających football amerykański, 30 zawodników uprawiających piłkę nożną, 49 zawodników piłkę ręczną oraz 24 zawodników uprawiających piłkę siatkową. Do analizy wykorzystano dane ankietowe dotyczące urazów związanych z uprawianą dyscypliną sportu. Wyniki. Zdecydowana większość badanych 81,60% odniosła uraz w wyniku uprawiania wybranej dyscypliny sportu. Najczęściej urazy odnosili piłkarze nożni, 96,66%, najrzadziej siatkarze 54,55%. Najczęściej urazom ulegają kończyny, szczególnie kończyna dolna - 70,40% wszystkich stwierdzonych urazów. Najczęstszym rodzajem urazu jest stłuczenie 54,40%. Ogółem, niewiele mniej urazów dotyczy uszkodzenia mięśni - 52%. Wnioski. Uprawianie przedstawionych sportowych gier zespołowych wiąże się z ryzykiem wystąpienia urazu. Najbardziej na uraz narażeni są piłkarze nożni, a najmniej siatkarze. Urazy najczęściej dotyczą kończyn dolnych, z czego większość to stłuczenia i urazy mięśniowe. Postuluje się poszukiwanie rozwiązań prewencyjnych chroniących zawodników przed urazami.
The COVID-19 outbreak began in December 2019, with the first case reported in the city of Wuhan, China. The number of confirmed patients reached nearly 60 million, and one million four hundred thousand died. Patients infected with COVID-19 may pass the infection asymptomatically or with typical symptoms such as fever, cough and shortness of breath. Gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, smell and taste disturbances. This infection also affects athletes and falls within the scope of sports medicine. Sometimes the asymptomatic course leads to complications from the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and consequently to deterioration of the condition and sports results. This is especially true of the lower respiratory tract and bilateral pneumonia. In the circulatory system, myocarditis, arrhythmias, heart failure, acute coronary syndrome and death occur. In addition to the diseases mentioned, SARS-CoV-2 can cause hepatitis, sometimes severe, in the nervous system, severe headaches, dizziness, changes in consciousness, smell and taste. In addition, COVID-19 leads to serious complications: bacterial pneumonia, respiratory failure, pericarditis, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, DIC, and deep vein thrombosis. At worst, the infection can cause septic shock and multi-organ failure. Athletes are not at risk of severe SARS-CoV-2, but the infection is common in this group, and athletes who wish to return to training and stress are mostly asymptomatic recoveries. To facilitate safe return, sports and sports medicine organizations have proposed diagnostic workflows. The British Medical Journal Open Sport and Exercise Medicine (BJSM) divided the athletes into groups according to the course of the infection, and further studies were proposed for each of them before training resumed. They include diagnostics in the field of the respiratory system, circulation and an appointment plan. It should be remembered that each case should be considered individually, and the ideal solution is the cooperation of a trainer, sports doctor, pulmonologist and cardiologist. An important aspect is also a gradual return to full activity. The appropriate "team" and the procedure scheme allow to systematize the stages of diagnostics and gradual increase of the training load.
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Epidemia COVID-19 rozpoczęła się w grudniu 2019 r., Pierwszy przypadek zanotowano w mieście Wuhan, w Chinach. Liczba pacjentów, u których potwierdzono tę chorobę, osiągnęła niemal 60 milionów, a milion czterysta tysięcy zmarło. Pacjenci zakażeni COVID-19 mogą przechodzić infekcję bezobjawowo lub z typowymi objawami takimi jak: gorączka, kaszel i duszność. Zgłaszane są objawy żołądkowo-jelitowe: nudności, ból brzucha, biegunka, zaburzenia węchu i smaku. Infekcja ta dotyka także sportowców i wkracza w zakres medycyny sportowej. Czasem bezobjawowy przebieg prowadzi do powikłań ze strony układu krążenia i oddechowego, a w konsekwencji do pogorszenia kondycji i wyników sportowych. W szczególności dotyczy to dolnych dróg oddechowych i rozwijającego się obustronnego zapalenia płuc. W zakresie układu krążenia dochodzi do zapalenia mięśnia sercowego, zaburzeń rytmu, niewydolności serca oraz ostrego zespołu wieńcowego i zgonu włącznie. Oprócz wspomnianych chorób, SARS-CoV-2 może powodować zapalenie wątroby, czasem o ciężkim przebiegu, a w zakresie układu nerwowego silne bóle głowy, zawroty, zaburzenia świadomości oraz węchu i smaku. Ponadto COVID-19 prowadzi do ciężkich powikłań: zapalenia bakteryjnego płuc, niewydolności oddechowej, zapalenia osierdzia, niewydolności serca, zatorowości płucnej, DIC i zakrzepicy żył głębokich. W najgorszym przypadku infekcja może wywołać wstrząsu septyczny i niewydolność wielonarządową. Sportowcy nie należą do grupy ryzyka ciężkiego przebiegu SARS-CoV-2, ale infekcja ta jest częsta w tej grupie, a zawodnicy pragnący wrócić do treningów i obciążenia, to w większości bezobjawowi ozdrowieńcy. Celem ułatwienia bezpiecznego powrotu, organizacje związane ze sportem i medycyną sportową zaproponowały schematy postępowania diagnostycznego. B British Medical Journal Open Sport and Exercise Medicine (BJSM)podzielił sportowców na grupy w zależności od przebiegu infekcji i dla każdej z nich zaproponowano dalsze badania przed wznowieniem treningów. Obejmują one diagnostykę w zakresie układu oddechowego, krążenia oraz plan wizyt. Należy pamiętać, że każdy przypadek należy rozpatrywać indywidualnie, a idealnym rozwiązaniem jest współpraca trenera, lekarza sportowego, pulmonologa i kardiologa. Niemniej ważnym aspektem jest stopniowy powrót do pełnej aktywności. Odpowiedni „team” i schemat postępowania w ogromnym stopniu pozwalają usystematyzować etapy diagnostyki i stopniowego zwiększania obciążenia treningowego.
Androgenic and anabolic functions of testosterone make it the most important male hormone. Its concentration can be influenced by the intake of dietary macronutrients and its calorific value. The aim of this study was to review available research on testosterone levels among male athletes within the context of their effects of diet. It has been proved that both the calorific value and the amount of protein, fats and carbohydrates are not without effect on the hormone. Energy shortages and individual macronutrients reduce testosterone levels in an athlete’s body, thus affecting its training possibilities.
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Androgeniczne i anaboliczne funkcje testosteronu czynią go najważniejszym hormonem męskim. Jego stężenie może podlegać wpływom podaży makroskładników diety oraz jej wartości energetycznej. Celem pracy był przegląd najnowszych badań nad stężeniem testosteronu wśród sportowców płci męskiej w kontekście wpływu diety. Dowiedziono, iż zarówno wartość energetyczna, jak i ilość białka, tłuszczów i węglowodanów nie pozostają bez wpływu na stężenie testosteronu. Niedobory energii i poszczególnych makroskładników obniżają stężenie tego hormonu w organizmie sportowca, wpływając tym samym na jego możliwości treningowe.
Podręcznik akademicki opatrzony tytułem Hematologia sportowa został wydany przez Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL w Warszawie. Swoją premierę miał 23 listopada 2021 r. i został wydany w wersji drukowanej (miękka oprawa, liczy 244 strony; numer ISBN: 978-83-200-6573-2). Publikacja była współfinansowana przez Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego w ramach programu pod nazwą „Regionalna Inicjatywa Doskonałości” w latach 2019–2022, nr projektu 022/RID/2018/19.Podręcznik akademicki jest pracą zespołową. Został przygotowany pod redakcją naukową: prof. dr hab. Zbigniewa Dąbrowskiego, prof. dr hab. Anny Marchewki i dr hab. Anety Teległów, prof. AKF z Akademii Kultury Fizycznej im. Bronisława Czecha w Krakowie, a zespół Autorów tworzy 10 nauczycieli akademickich z Akademii Kultury Fizycznej im. Bronisława Czecha w Krakowie oraz 13 nauczycieli akademickich i lekarzy reprezentujących inne jednostki naukowe.
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The academic textbook entitled Hematologia sportowa [Sports Haematology] was published by Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL in Warsaw. It had its premiere on November 23, 2021 and was released in printed form (paperback, 244 pages, ISBN number: 978-83-200-6573-2). The publication was co-financed under the programme of the Minister of Science and Higher Education entitled ‘Regional Initiative of Excellence’ in years 2019–2022, project number 022/RID/2018/19.The handbook is a result or a collaborative effort under the scientific editorship by Prof. Zbigniew Dąbrowski, Prof. Anna Marchewka, and Assoc. Prof. Aneta Teległów (University of Physical Culture in Krakow). The author contributors include 10 academics from the University of Physical Culture in Krakow and 13 academics or physicians representing other research institutions.
Sport jest jedną z form uczestnictwa w kulturze fizycznej. Maratończyk Leszek Bebło jest przykładem uczestnictwa kulturze fizycznej poprzez sport. Lekkoatleta zapisał się na kartach historii Polskiej lekkiej atletyki między innymi przez dwukrotny udział w Igrzyskach Olimpijskich, Mistrzostwach świata w Stuttgarcie oraz jako zwycięzca wielu zagranicznych prestiżowych biegów miedzy innymi jako jedyny Polak wygrał rozgrywany od 1896 roku Maraton Paryski.
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Sport is one of the forms of participation in physical culture. Marathon runner Leszek Bebło is an example of participation in physical culture through sport. The track and field athlete has left his mark on the history of Polish athletics through his participation in two Olympic Games, the World Championships in Stuttgart, and as a winner of many prestigious foreign races, including being the only Pole to win the Paris Marathon, which has been held since 1896.
The paper discusses the development of sport on the territory of the district of Myszków in the years 1956 -1975. The introductory part focuses on organizational units responsible for the development of physical culture (especially sport) on the territory of the district such as: Physical Culture Committ ee (established in 1956), Secretariat of Physical Culture (established in 1958 in place of the Physical Culture Committee), District Committee of Physical Culture (set up in 1960) and the unit established a year later (in 1961) - District Committee of Phys ical Culture and Tourism. Whereas the contents of the further part of the study also concern sports infrastructure on the territory of the district of Myszków, as well as sports activity conducted on the territory of the district by union sports clubs, Rur al Sports Teams and School Sports Association. Sports practised in the district of Myszków (years 1956 -1975) were primarily the following: cycling, basketball, track and field events, football, handball, volleyball, weightlifting, chess and table tennis.
Sport has an important place among the basic factors of "modern life" in the 21st century. The governments and sources of power, which shape and direct the society, produce and promote all kinds of goods and politics by using sports as a medium in a mechanism that embraces the whole life. This both creates a large area of movement for these power sources and also makes it possible to give the target audiences an unlimited area of freedom. Sport, as a social institution, has close and intense interactions with other social institutions like family, education, economy and media. Media has become an irreplaceable part of our social lives, especially with the effect of technological developments. Many social scientists have, in their researches, questioned the effects of mass communication vehicles on personal and social life, and tried to explain the individual and social behavior models by using sociological and socio-psychological approaches. Media and sport are indeed structures, which influence and nurture each other. However, in Turkey, one cannot claim that the broadcasting policy of the sport media has developed by consciously following the sports agenda. Objective: In this study it was aimed to show the degree of interest in, and consumption of, the sports media in Turkey. Material and Method: 400 students who study at Istanbul Technical University (ITU) and Marmara University (MU) have participated in our study. The study comprised of students who are active and inactive in sports. The survey included 46 questions on all sports branches (e.g. volleyball, basketball, winter sports, summer sports). The results have been reached by evaluating the survey on students' interest in sports, and their consumption of sports media.
While theory and practice of sport have much to say about fear, stress and anxiety, they have little to say about courage. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a Sport Courage Scale. Data were collected from two groups of male and female athletes aged from 13 to 22 in different individual and team sports. The first set of data (N = 380) was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, and the second set of data (N = 388) was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis. Analyses revealed a 5-factor structure of Sport Courage Scale that supported factorial validity and reliability of scale scores. These factors were labelled: "Determination", "Mastery", "Assertiveness", "Venturesome", and "Self-Sacrifice Behaviour". Finally, evidence of test-retest reliability of scale scores was supported based on responses from 75 athletes. However, more research is needed to further improve the Sport Courage Scale.
Every sports discipline is characterized by specific movements which are symmetric or asymmetric. Field hockey belongs to a asymmetric activity. There is suspicion that players, who use more frequently one side of the body during training or the game, have also side-to-side morphological diversification. The main aim of the study is to determine the degree of asymmetry which manifests itself in somatic characteristics. The analysis was done among twenty competitive Polish male field hockey players. All athletes undertook total body Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which divided the body into anatomic segments: arms, trunk, and legs. Professional field hockey participation showed significantly enhanced muscle mass and higher bone mineral density on the left side of the body. The present data should help better understand complicated morphology of highly trained athletes with more comprehensive and accurate approach to their anthropometrical description.
Introduction Lower extremity injuries may be associated with proximal muscle weakness and decreased motor control. Our study aims to examine knee flexor and extensor muscle strength in athletes with and without trunk muscle strength asymmetry. Material and methods This matching control study involved a total of 80 athletes; 40 athletes with asymmetrical trunk muscle strength(asymmetric group) and 40 athletes with symmetrical trunk muscle strength(symmetrical group). Strength measurements of trunk and knee muscles were made with the IsoMed 2000 isokinetic device. Independent Samples T-Test or Mann Whitney-U test was used to compare variables according to their distribution status. The statistical error level was determined as p<0.05. Results In the symmetric group, the isokinetic muscle strength of the trunk flexor muscles was stronger than the asymmetric group (p<0.05) and the trunk extensor muscles were weaker than the asymmetric group (p 0.05). The Limb Symmetry Index(LSI) value of the two groups at 60°/sec was significantly different (p=0.032), and the dominant side in the symmetric group and the non-dominant side in the asymmetric group were stronger than the other side. Conclusions This result may be associated with knee joint injuries which are common in athletes with weak muscle strength, and can be attributed to the literature knowledge that core muscle weakness may increase the frequency of knee injury. Therefore, symmetrical core strengthening training can prevent possible injuries of athletes with asymmetrical trunk muscle strength. However, we think that more studies are needed to reveal this relationship.
The sociological outlook on Olympism and sport contained in this paper covered the ideas and notions of sport to a lesser extent than the actual state of affairs, that is, the condition of sport here and now. The sociological description of sport assumed that sport was an element of the modern society and contemporary culture. This perspective allowed the description and analysis of sport in terms which are employed by sociology, or more generally, by social sciences. This means that it was possible to reflect upon sport through paradigms, theories and trends of thought which are effectively used in attempts at sociological descriptions of modern societies.The critical analysis of Olympism and contemporary sport, presented above, does not assert that Olympism and sport have run out of possibilities for further development. On the contrary, both Olympism and contemporary sport are the hope and the chance that a better future awaits communities, cultures, civilizations and humanity on a global scale. Furthermore, the threats and negative trends which emerge in sport should not remain concealed or underestimated, because they are of an objective character and have an effect on the whole of the humanistic power of sport. One should also realise that all the aforementioned negative phenomena and processes do not result from some kind of degeneration of sport as such, but are caused by general, external tendencies which penetrate sport through economic, financial, axiological, ethical and many other channels.The more or less clear outline of the future of sport contained in this paper is of an alternative and exclusively probabilistic character. The future development of sport can take three different directions. Firstly, the future may bring out and strengthen all the tendencies which are already present in contemporary sport, such as dehumanisation, commercialisation, visualisation and medialisation. Secondly, there may emerge a global trend to force sport into the idealised frame of the past and make it become what it was after its foundations had been laid during the Hellenistic period, or rather, the way people remember it being. However, such inclinations towards general reconstruction usually emerge after radical developments which, for example, challenge sport as a cultural reality. Thirdly, the postmodernist ideals may be revived in one form or another, and while they will not necessarily alter the structure of sport, they will put the emphasis which results from certain trends and processes on some unspecified areas of sport consumption and the pursuit of maximal sensations and excitement in sport.No ideals are immune to distortion when subjected to the process of materialisation. Ideals are not realised by perfect and metaphysical beings, but by humans made of flesh and bones and having both good and bad inclinations. Every person is socialised and moulded in a specific cultural and social reality which is never free from deviation and pathology. Similarly, there can be no sport, and that includes the Olympic movement, which could possibly remain an enclave of good and nobleness, a paradise on Earth, with a wall separating it from all the phenomena and processes that take place in contemporary societies. In a way, sport and the Olympic movement are bound to be penetrated by diverse phenomena and trends which have an impact on the spirit and image of sport.There are no ideal societies nor is there ideal sport, free from deviation and pathology. It is thus totally impossible to accomplish the utopia of the Olympic movement and sport as a land of happy people, uninfluenced by phenomena and processes which are characteristic of modern societies. There can be no world without individuals who breach cultural models, norms and values, no world without deviants and swindlers. Nevertheless, this unattainable utopia has to be pursued, because in the pursuit, people can achieve a lot to improve the axionormative order in sport as well as social life in all its aspects.
In this work, the author focuses in particular on aggressive behavior in competitive sports (highly ranked professional, spectator, and Olympic sports) and on the behavior of fans accompanying sporting events. Aggression in sports, when considered from the point of view of the regulations in specific disciplines, has two main variants. The first variant is necessary aggression, which is both instrumental and non-instrumental and is potential in the sense that it allows the manifestation of emotions which are not outlined in the rules of the discipline. Thus, aggression is considered necessary when it results from the rules of a given sport. The second form of aggression is a non-instrumental and unpredictable aggression which is of an emotional origin. It is reactive, characterized by anger, and aims to cause harm. It is not stimulated by the rules of a given sport, but on the contrary is restricted and punished by the rules. The author also points out that the aggressive behavior of fans before, during, and outside a sporting event will never be necessary in this respect because the rules, guidelines, or specific regulations of a sport apply to the behavior of players, not fans. Therefore, their aggression is potential, emotional, planned, or spontaneous, but never necessary.
Introduction. Practising sport at the professional level brings about considerable spinal loads. As a result of an intensive effort, the adaptation abilities of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments and muscles decrease, which, in turn, influences the size of physiological curvatures of the spine and at the same time the quality of body posture. The aim of the work was to evaluate the shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine and to define the frequency of occurrence of body posture types in athletes practising selected sports. Material and methods. The research was conducted among 46 athletes from the following sections: athletics, handball, volleyball and taekwondo. Inclination angles of the curvatures of the spine were defined with the use of a posturometer: α angle (upper-thoracic segment), β angle (thoracic-lumbar segment), γ angle (lumbar-sacral segment) as well as the level of thoracic kyphosis (χ) and lumbar lordosis (λ). Every athlete's body posture type was defined. Results. It was revealed that in the shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine in the examined athletes the level of thoracic kyphosis was higher than the level of lumbar lordosis. In all the athletes the biggest values were observed in the inclination of the upper-thoracic segment, whereas the lowest ones (except for taekwondo competitors) in the inclination of the lumbar-sacral segment. The most common types of body posture were kyphotic and balanced types. No type-III kyphosis and type-III lordosis were observed. Athletes practising selected sports generally had a proper body posture. An improper posture, especially a wrong posture, was observed in few athletes. Conclusion. The specificity of movements performed during the training applied in a particular sport may influence the shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine and thus the type of body posture.
The purpose of the present review was to provide an up-to-date summary of the bio ecological theory in sport literature. Systematic reviews can facilitate decision-making in areas where randomized control trials (RCTs) have not been performed or are inappropriate. In order to appreciate the status of current knowledge and understanding and to identify potential future directions, the authors conducted a synthesis of published work in sports science using a systematic-review methodology. Published since 1977, Bronfenbrenner's model of human development provided an ecological lens for identifying and synthesizing barriers to sport participation. From a search of electronic databases, findings comprised 1120 identified records, from which only 896 entries were considered. From these a total of 183 published studies relating to the bioecological theory and sports science were assessed, and from this point only articles pertaining to sport related issues were taken into consideration (n = 89) excluding other types of documents (n = 94). The Systematic Review (SR)develops upon these 89 articles and a total of 23 articles were selected for the fourth and final retrieval. A semi quantitative review protocol and standard quality assessment criteria-have dominated the research. The authors conclude by summarizing the key findings in the literature and highlighting the gaps that could be filled by future research.
Introduction. The aim of this work was to explore sports activities among various socio-professional groups based on the example of the inhabitants of Warsaw. Material and methods. The sample comprised of 6547 inhabitants of Warsaw - representatives of 16 professional groups. The study was conducted with the use of an especially designed questionnaire, featuring two sections - the first one devoted to organised sport, and the second and on the participation in sport leisure (regular, periodical, sporadic) within the previous year. In keeping with the European definition, sport is understood as both competitive sport, and regular sport leisure or recreation. The survey was carried out by trained interviewers exclusively in March and November 2006-2008. Results. Participation in sport activities among Poles increased not only compared to other European countries, but also to previous Polish studies, as it pertained to 43% of Warsaw inhabitants. The proportion of Warsaw residents involved in organised sport amounted to 6%, and those involved in regular recreation to 41%. Pupils and students are the most active both in sport and in leisure. Nearly 19% of pupils and nearly 8% of students are involved in organised sport activities, while for sport leisure this proportion amounts to 55% and 50% respectively. In the case of both competitive sport activities and leisure the number of men exceeds the number of women involved in them. Conclusions. Sport activities that Poles involve in are still not close to the recommended WHO and ATMS norms.
Olympic sport is a symbolic response to the literal evil of war. It establishes peace in its own way as there is always a need to redeem the evil of war. Sport is not what the mindful journalists think - a gathering of pagan mob, festival of youth or vanity fair of business traders. If, however, Olympic modernism ever became its own negation in the form of a spontaneous movement of liberation from moral constraints, legitimised by postmodern ideology, it would be a negation of the ethical ideal of friendship, i.e. it would be collective defiance of order as ordo amicitia pro pace. In consequence, Olympic modernism would deprive itself of the idea of universal good and lose its inherent order-making potential. Whoever then becomes a part of the motley movement against oneself, in which all standards of moral life in love are replaced by liberal aesthetic expressions, he or she becomes incomprehensible to oneself and others, like the proverbial black sheep in a family. Beware the poor in Olympic spirit of peace, as they will never be granted friendship. It will be a great loss to them as well as to the entire Olympic family. The Olympic Games of Peace must last as long as there are wars. The primary cause of Olympic sport is the experience of the evil of war. Olympic modernism uses sport as the foundation of its symbolic affirmation of the idea of friendship. It has not created sport, but has taken a great advantage of it, using the physical cultivation and the moral formation of the mighty sport club for free play (ludic sport) or paid play (professional sport). Although the Olympic costs are high, despite all the expenses, it is a highly profitable cultural enterprise. The order of friendship for peace, known as Olympic modernism, not only banishes the spectre of hatred but also provides culture with sanctity, making everybody's life more perfect.
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