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The Effect of Goal Setting Difficulty on Serving Success in Table Tennis and the Mediating Mechanism of Self-regulation

100%
Liu W., Zhou C., Ji L., Watson J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 33
173-185
EN
Goal setting difficulty has been shown to contribute to athletic performance (Burton et al., 2000). However, the potential mediating mechanism of goal difficulty on performance is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to verify the effect of goal setting difficulty on serving success in table tennis, and determine if self-regulation is the mediating variable. The current study used serving success within a one minute period as the task, and the "Athlete's Self-regulation in Motor Learning" as the measurement tool. The experiment was designed as a 3 (serving frequency: 20/min, 23/min, and 26/min) x 2 (serving placement: left "small triangle", and right "small triangle") model. Participants (N = 60) in the current study were students from a physical education school. These participants were randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups. After the intervention, differences in self-regulation (p < 0.001) and serving success (p < 0.05) between the experimental and control groups were significant. For the experimental groups, there was a significant difference in self-regulation (p < 0.001) and serving success (p < 0.05) before and after the experiment. Serving frequency had a main effect on self-regulation (F (5, 24) = 12.398, p < 0.01) and serving success (F (5, 24) = 37.601, p < 0.001). Moderately difficult goal setting contributed to athletic performance. Regression analysis using bootstrapping methods revealed that self-regulation partially mediated the relationship between the two.
2
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Relationship of Different Perceived Exertion Scales in Walking or Running with Self-Selected and Imposed Intensity

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Dias M. R. C., Simão R., Machado G. H. R., Furtado H., Sousa N. F., Fernandes H. M., Saavedra F. J. F.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 43
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issue 1
149-157
EN
The aims of this study were to: (1) compare the Heart Rate (HR) and Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE) in training with self-selected and imposed loads, and (2) associate the OMNI-Walk/Run and Borg scales with self-selected and imposed loads, both on a treadmill. Ten trained men (20.3 ± 2.0 years, 75.6 ± 9.8 kg, 175.1 ± 5.1 cm) participated in a training program with self-selected load (time and speed individually preferred) and another with imposed load (even self-selected time and speed 10% higher). The HR and RPE were measured, every minute of training, by the OMNIWalk/ Run and Borg scales. No significant differences were found in the HR and RPE between training sessions. The correlation between the OMNI-Walk/Run and Borg scales showed a moderate association (r = 0.55) in training with self-selected load and a strong association in imposed load (r = 0.79). In this study, self-selected load induced a suboptimal stimulus to elicit favorable organic adaptations. Moreover, high correlation of OMNI Walk/Run and Borg scales with the imposed load showed that the greater the load of training the best were answers of RPE.
3
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Examining the Levels of Self-Leadership Perceptions of University Student- Athletes in Terms of Sociodemographic Characteristics

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Türköz T., Mutlu T. O., Tabak A., Erdoğan M.
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vol. 58
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issue 1
43-52
EN
The purpose of the present study is to determine the difference of self-leadership perceptions for university student-athletes in terms of sociodemographic characteristics. The research involved 167 university student-athletes aged 18-21 years (Muğla and Kocaeli at Turkey). Self-leadership perceptions were measured by the Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire. The number of strategies of selfleadership was calculated in the distribution of mean scores. It was found that variables such as age, education status of mother, and monthly income of the university students do not cause any difference in the levels of self-leadership perceptions. On the other hand, other factors were determined to create statistically significant differences in the use of self-leadership strategies: gender; dealing with sport outside of school; taking part in teams; branch of interested sport; education status of father; socioeconomic status; personal sport history of athletes. It has revealed that not only the psychical factors but also behavioral, cognitive, and psychological factors of self-leadership have important roles in increasing the performance of student-athletes in sport activities.
4
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Siła woli we współczesnej psychologii: ujęcie personologiczne i procesualne

88%
Kadzikowska-Wrzosek R.
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vol. XVII
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issue 2
307-326
EN
This article presents existing in contemporary psychology two perspectives on strength of volition: trait and process-oriented approaches. The trait perspective is concentrated on researches exploring origins and consequences of strength of volition. Within the process-oriented perspective, researchers attempt to define the mechanisms underlying the strength of volition and the essential ingredients of willpower. This perspective enables to explain also intra – individual differences in willpower. The process oriented perspective underlines the necessity to take into consideration broader personality context in analyzing the willpower role and difficulties in action control process. Of particular importance is the level of autonomy of the standards and type of control action. Democratic, autonomous control mode of action, based mainly on intuitive volitional mechanisms is conducive to volitional efficiency.
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