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1
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Structure and biosynthesis of human salivary mucins.

100%
Zalewska A., Zwierz K., Żółkowski K., Gindzieński A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2000
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vol. 47
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issue 4
1067-1079
EN
Human salivary glands secrete two types of mucins: oligomeric mucin (MG1) with molecular mass above 1 MDa and monomeric mucin (MG2) with molecular mass of 200-250 kDa. Monomers of MG1 and MG2 contain havily O-glycosylated tandem repeats located at the central domain of the molecules. MG1 monomers are linked by disulfide bonds located at sparsely glycosylated N- and C-end. MG1 are synthesized by mucous cells and MG2 by the serous cells of human salivary glands.
2
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DETERMINATION OF THE HYDROLYTIC ACTIVITY OF WHOLE SALIVA USING CHITOSAN ASCORBATE AS A SUBSTRATE

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Kochańska B., Łukaszewska M., Ochocińska J.
Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives
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2018
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vol. 23
97 - 102
EN
The aim of this work was to evaluate of hydrolytic activity of whole saliva using chitosan ascorbate as a substrate. In this aim, the concentrations of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were determined in saliva before addition of chitosan ascorbate, directly after addition and during incubation with chitosan ascorbate by 20 hrs. In this in vitro study were used sterile chitosan ascorbate in the form of powder. Chitosan was obtained from krill chitin. The ratio of ascorbic acid to chitosan was 1:1. The unstimulated whole saliva showed the hydrolytic activity in the presence of the chitosan ascorbate as a substrate.
3
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The incidence of oral dryness in people over 65 years living in Lublin

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Kamińska-Pikiewicz K., Bachanek T., Chałas R.
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2015
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vol. 28
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issue 4
250-253
EN
Saliva plays an important part in naturally maintaining oral homeostasis. Dry mouth or 'xerostomia', is a serious problem connected with decreased saliva secretion which considerably limits the quality of life in elderly people. The aim of the study was the assessment of the subjective oral dryness in the oral mucosa in people over 65 living in Lublin, Poland. The study was conducted among 240 people aged 65 to 96. The patients were placed into two groups: I - 117 residents of nursing homes, II - 123 people living with their families. Assessment of the subjective oral dryness taking into account the place of residence, sex and drug administration was performed based on a questionnaire survey. In the group of nursing homes residents, 32.48% of the surveyed experienced subjective oral dryness, while among the seniors living with their families, 33.33% reported this kind of discomfort. The conducted analysis revealed that oral dryness was more common amongst women than men, and it can be very often a side-effect of administered medicine drugs.
4
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Saliva as a matrix for biomonitoring of occupational and environmental exposure to lead

88%
Morton J., Leese E., Harding A.-H., Jones K., Sepai O.
Biomonitoring
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2014
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vol. 1
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issue 1
EN
Background: To evaluate whether salivary lead can be used as a surrogate for blood lead, and if so, over what concentration range. Methodology: Three saliva devices were evaluated and one chosen to undertake this project. Paired saliva and blood samples were collected from 89 UK lead workers. Lead concentrations were determined using ICP-MS. In addition, haemoglobin and ZPP levels were determined in the blood samples and albumin was determined in the saliva samples to investigate standardisation using protein adjustments. Results: The chosen saliva device gave low but consistent recoveries for lead in saliva and the blank levels were low. The mean +/- SD blood lead level was 19.9 +/- 14 μg/dl; the mean +/- SD saliva lead level was 19.1 +/- 32.5 μg/l for 89 workers. Log10-transformed data showed correlation of r=0.69. The protein adjustments did not improve the blood-saliva correlation. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that salivary lead measurement is feasible and correlated with blood lead levels, at least at occupational exposure levels, and may have value as a screening technique. Correlation may improve at environmental levels where exposures are generally more consistent and chronic, although this needs to be demonstrated in a genuine environmental population.
5
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DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF SELECTED SALIVARY PROTEOMICS FOR AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT

88%
Dobrek L.
Acta Neuropsychologica
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2020
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vol. 18(2)
285-303
EN
The clinical assessment of autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, enabling the diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy present in the course of many diseases, is currently based on performing simple cardiovascular reflexes (Ewing tests), analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) or heart rate turbulence (HRT), examining skin sweating or recording neurophysiological tests (e.g. microneurography). Laboratory assessment of ANS function is very scarce and practically only includes the plasma assessment of noradrenaline as a surrogate for the biochemical indicator of sympathetic activity. Recently, the possibility of evaluation of selected compounds present in saliva as laboratory markers of not only oral diseases but also systemic diseases has been raised. This work focuses on a brief description of the anatomy and physiology of the salivary glands and describes the formation of saliva, its composition and the use of this bodily fluid in laboratory diagnostics. In addition, the paper specifically discusses the possibility of determining selected compounds that are considered to reflect autonomic activity. A review of the literature indicates primarily four proteomics: two neuropeptides (vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) that are co-transmitters in autonomic fibers, chromogranin A, a synaptic vesicle protein and α-amylase, a hydrolytic enzyme pre-digesting carbohydrates in the oral cavity. These are currently the most widely investigated agents for their usefulness as laboratory markers of ANS activity.
6
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Biochemical and electrophoretic analyses of saliva from the predatory reduviid species Rhynocoris marginatus (Fab.)

75%
Kitherian S., Muthukumar S., Rivers D.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2013
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vol. 60
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issue 1
91-97
EN
The saliva of Rhynocoris marginatus consists of amylase, invertase, trehalase, protease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, phospholipase, lipase, trypsin, hyaluronidase, and esterase. All enzyme activities were significantly higher in the saliva of female R. marginatus when compared to the saliva of male individuals. The saliva was analyzed by tricine SDS/PAGE, sephadex column chromatography, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF. The pH of the saliva was slightly alkali. The SDS/PAGE revealed a few proteins with molecular masses greater than 29.5 and 36.2 kDa for male and female predator saliva respectively. The FT-IR spectrum confirmed the acidic, proteinaceous, enzymatic, and aromatic nature of the saliva. The MALDI-TOF-MS revealed the presence of enzymes, proteins, peptides, and other biomolecules. The most prominent peptides were named as RmIT-1 (3.79kDa), RmIT-2 (9.7kDa), and RmIT-3 (10.94kDa) (Rhynocoris marginatus Insect Toxin). Further studies are underway to isolate and identify these biomolecules.
7
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The effect of wrestling tournament on immune and endocrine markers in blood and saliva of male and female athletes

75%
Trochimiak T., Hübner-Woźniak1 E.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 3
81-89
EN
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of one-day wrestling tournament on magnitude and direction of changes in selected immunological and endocrine status indices. The participants of the study were male (n = 12) and female (n = 13) wrestlers. The earlobe blood samples and unstimulated saliva were collected at three time points: in the morning before the competition (1), immediately after the last match (2) and in the next morning (3). Total protein, IgA and cortisol concentration and α-amylase activity in saliva, as well as concentration of cortisol and interleukin-6 in serum were measured. Significantly lower ratio of sIgA/protein and significantly higher levels of salivary and serum cortisol, interleukin-6, and α-amylase activity were observed at the second time point compared with the first and the third in both groups of athletes. Regardless of the examined time point, concentrations of serum and saliva markers were similar in female and male wrestlers. However, a tendency to lower sAA activity on the next morning after the tournament compared to basal activity of this enzyme was seen in both examined groups. In general, the changes of examined markers were short-lived, except for α-amylase activity, showing that tournament-wrestling matches had no sustained negative effects on endocrine and immunological body systems.
8
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Ślina jako materiał biologiczny przydatny w diagnostyce alergii na pokarmy

75%
Kowalczyk W., Lis K., Żbikowska-Götz M., Bartuzi Z.
Alergia Astma Immunologia - przegląd kliniczny
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2020
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vol. 25
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issue 1
19-23
EN
It is estimated that about 27% of the saliva proteins are derived from blood. Due to the specificity of food allergies, saliva seems to be extremely reliable material for laboratory tests, with high clinical usefulness. This material is easily available and simple to collect by various techniques, including using standardized saliva collection tubes. Available literature data show that currently used saliva collection methods do not have a significant impact on the results of measured laboratory parameters, including total IgE concentration. The results for IgE specific for various food allergens in saliva compared to the values measured in serum also seem promising, although a small number of studies available in the literature limits conclusion. Saliva seems to be a good material for diagnosis food allergies, although this subject certainly requires further research.
PL
Szacuje się, że około 27% białek zawartych w ślinie pochodzi z krwi. Ze względu na specyfikę alergii pokarmowej, ślina wydaje się być niezwykle miarodajnym materiałem do badań laboratoryjnych, o dużej przydatności klinicznej. Jest to materiał łatwo dostępny i prosty do pobrania różnymi technikami, w tym z zastosowaniem standaryzowanych probówek do pozyskiwania śliny. Z dostępnych danych literaturowych wynika, że aktualnie stosowane metody pobierania śliny nie mają znaczącego wpływu na uzyskiwane wyniki mierzonych parametrów laboratoryjnych, w tym stężenia całkowitego IgE. Obiecujące są również wyniki odnoszące się do stężenia IgE swoistych dla różnych alergenów pokarmowych w ślinie w porównaniu do wartości zmierzonych w surowicy, jednak skąpość dostępnych w piśmiennictwie badań ogranicza wnioskowanie. Ślina wydaje się być dobrym materiałem do diagnostyki alergii na pokarmy i z pewnością temat ten wymaga dalszych badań.
9
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Determination of lysosomal exoglycosidases in human saliva

75%
Chojnowska S., Zalewska A., Knaś M., Waszkiewicz N., Waszkiel D., Kossakowska A., Zwierz K.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 1
85-90
EN
Background: Currently we observe a growing interest in human saliva as a non-invasive material for diagnosis and monitoring of general and oral diseases. Methods: The aim of our study was adaptation of the Marciniak et al. (Marciniak J, Zalewska A, Popko J, Zwierz K, 2006, Clin Chem Lab Med 44: 933-937) method for determination of HEX and GLU activity in synovial fluid, and for determination of: HEX and GLU, as well as MAN, GAL, and FUC activity in human saliva. Results: Under optimal conditions, 10 μl of saliva for HEX, and 30 μl for GLU, MAN, GAL and FUC, were sufficient for determination of human salivary exoglycosidases activity with variation coefficient ranging from 0.89 for GLU to 0.99 for GAL. Conclusion: The adapted method for exoglycosidases activity determination in human saliva is sufficiently sensitive and precise to use in clinical diagnosis.
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Salivary aldehyde dehydrogenase - temporal and population variability, correlations with drinking and smoking habits and activity towards aldehydes contained in food

75%
Giebułtowicz J., Dziadek M., Wroczyński P., Woźnicka K., Wojno B., Pietrzak M., Wierzchowski J.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2010
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vol. 57
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issue 3
361-368
EN
Fluorimetric method based on oxidation of the fluorogenic 6-methoxy-2-naphthaldehyde was applied to evaluate temporal and population variability of the specific activity of salivary aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and the degree of its inactivation in healthy human population. Analyzed was also its dependence on drinking and smoking habits, coffee consumption, and its sensitivity to N-acetylcysteine. Both the specific activity of salivary ALDH and the degree of its inactivation were highly variable during the day, with the highest activities recorded in the morning hours. The activities were also highly variable both intra- and interpersonally, and negatively correlated with age, and this correlation was stronger for the subgroup of volunteers declaring abstinence from alcohol and tobacco. Moderately positive correlations of salivary ALDH specific activity with alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking were also recorded (rs ~0.27; p=0.004 and rs =0.30; p=0.001, respectively). Moderate coffee consumption correlated positively with the inactivation of salivary ALDH, particularly in the subgroup of non-drinking and non-smoking volunteers. It was found that mechanical stimulation of the saliva flow increases the specific activity of salivary ALDH. The specific activity of the salivary ALDH was strongly and positively correlated with that of superoxide dismutase, and somewhat less with salivary peroxidase. The antioxidant-containing drug N-acetylcysteine increased activity of salivary ALDH presumably by preventing its inactivation in the oral cavity. Some food-related aldehydes, mainly cinnamic aldehyde and anisaldehyde, were excellent substrates of the salivary ALDH3A1 enzyme, while alkenals, particularly those with short chain, were characterized by lower affinity towards this enzyme but high catalytic constants. The protective role of salivary ALDH against aldehydes in food and those found in the cigarette smoke is discussed, as well as its participation in diminishing the effects of alcohol- and smoking-related oxidative stress.
11
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Determination of adenine nucleotides and their metabolites in human saliva.

75%
Kochańska B., Smoleński R. T., Knap N.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2000
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vol. 47
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issue 3
877-879
EN
The profile and normal concentrations of nucleotide metabolites in human saliva and reproducibility of these determinations were analyzed. Samples of human saliva collected from healthy individuals at weekly intervals, were deproteinized and analysed for the content of adenine nucleotides and their metabolites by reversed-phase HPLC. Initial ATP, hypoxanthine and uric acid concentrations were 0.52 ± 0.15 μM, 1.91 ± 0.37 μM and 184 ± 22 μM respectively. A substantial individual variation persisted within 3 weeks of sampling excepted hypoxanthine which showed some unrelated variations. Determination of nucleotides and their catabolites in saliva due to its simplicity and reproducibility, may be of clinical value in diagnosis of local or systemic disorders.
12
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Top-down peptidomics of bodily fluids

63%
Martelli C., Iavarone F., Vincenzoni F., Cabras T., Manconi B., Desiderio C., Messana I., Castagnola M.
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issue 1
EN
The naturally occurring peptides, mainly arising from the proteolytic cleavage of larger proteins, play several functions within the body (e. g. antihypertensive, immuno-modulatory, anti-microbial and antiviral, mineral carriers). Their presence or the increase of their concentration could be connected to different pathologies and thereby some peptides could be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis or prognosis of the disease. Peptidome research, particularly within biological fluids, therefore represents one of the most interesting and challenging purposes of proteomics. In this review we describe the current state-of-the-art in peptidomics-based studies of several human bodily fluids (serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, tears, seminal fluid, vitreous humor, pancreatic juice), emphasizing the contribution of top-down proteomic platforms to the deep structural characterization of natural peptides and their posttranslational modifications.
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