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The Reliability of a Functional Agility Test for Water Polo

100%
Tucher G., Castro F. A. d. S., Garrido N. D., Silva A. J. R. M. d.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 41
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issue 1
181-190
EN
Few functional agility tests for water polo take into consideration its specific characteristics. The preliminary objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of an agility test for water polo players. Fifteen players (16.3 ± 1.8 years old) with a minimum of two years of competitive experience were evaluated. A Functional Test for Agility Performance (FTAP) was designed to represent the context of this sport. Several trials were performed to familiarize the athlete with the movement. Two experienced coaches measured three repetitions of the FTAP. Descriptive statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), 95% limit of agreement (LOA), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurements (SEM) were used for data analysis. It was considered that certain criteria of reliability measures were met. There was no significant difference between the repetitions, which may be explained by an effect of the evaluator, the ability of the players or fatigue (p > 0.05). The ICC average from evaluators was high (0.88). The SEM varied between 0.13 s and 0.49 s. The CV average considering each individual was near 6-7%. These values depended on the condition of measurement. As the FTAP contains some characteristics that create a degree of unpredictability, the same athlete may reach different performance results, increasing variability. An adjustment in the sample, familiarization and careful selection of subjects help to improve this situation and enhance the reliability of the indicators.
2
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Reliability of Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric Knee Extension and Flexion when using the REV9000 Isokinetic Dynamometer

75%
Pereira de Carvalho Froufe Andrade A. C., Caserotti P., Pereira de Carvalho C. M., André de Azevedo Abade E., Jaime da Eira Sampaio A.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 37
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issue 1
47-53
EN
The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of isokinetic and ISO knee extensor and flexor muscle strength when using the REV9000 (Technogym) isokinetic dynamometer. Moreover, the reliability of several strength imbalance indices and bilateral ratios were also examined. Twenty-four physically active healthy subjects (age 23±3 years) underwent three testing sessions, two on the same day and a third, 7 days later. All sessions proceeded in the same order: five concentric contractions at 60ºs-1 followed by an isometric contraction (5 seconds) and five eccentric contractions (60ºs-1). The results of this study showed a high reproducibility in eccentric (0.95-0.97), concentric (0.95- 0.96) and isometric (0.93-0.96), isokinetic strength for knee extensor and flexor muscles, thus indicating that the REV9000 isokinetic dynamometer can be used in future sports performance studies. A low-to-moderate reliability was found in the isokinetic strength bilateral ratios while the Hamstring:Quadricep concentric ratio showed moderate reliability. The highest reliability (>0.90) was observed in the dynamic control ratio (Hamstring eccentric:Quadricep concentric) which consequently confirms that it is a more valid indicator for imbalanced reciprocal parameters and can be used in rehabilitation and sports medicine.
3
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Inter-rater reliability in the classification of supraspinatus tendon tears using 3D ultrasound – a question of experience?

63%
Tamborrini G., Marx C., Micheroli R.
Journal of Ultrasonography
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2016
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vol. 16
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issue 66
252-259
EN
Background: Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound of the shoulder is characterized by a comparable accuracy to two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound. No studies investigating 2D versus 3D inter-rater reliability in the detection of supraspinatus tendon tears taking into account the level of experience of the raters have been carried out so far. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability in the analysis of 3D ultrasound image sets of the supraspinatus tendon between sonographer with different levels of experience. Patients and methods: Non-interventional, prospective, observational pilot study of 2309 images of 127 adult patients suffering from unilateral shoulder pain. 3D ultrasound image sets were scored by three raters independently. The intra-and interrater reliabilities were calculated. Results: There was an excellent intra-rater reliability of rater A in the overall classification of supraspinatus tendon tears (2D vs 3D κ = 0.892, pairwise reliability 93.81%, 3D scoring round 1 vs 3D scoring round 2 κ = 0.875, pairwise reliability 92.857%). The inter-rater reliability was only moderate compared to rater B on 3D (κ = 0.497, pairwise reliability 70.95%) and fair compared to rater C (κ = 0.238, pairwise reliability 42.38%). Conclusions: The reliability of 3D ultrasound of the supraspinatus tendon depends on the level of experience of the sonographer. Experience in 2D ultrasound does not seem to be sufficient for the analysis of 3D ultrasound imaging sets. Therefore, for a 3D ultrasound analysis new diagnostic criteria have to be established and taught even to experienced 2D sonographers to improve reproducibility.
PL
Wprowadzenie: Ultrasonografia trójwymiarowa (3D) barku jest uznawana za metodę o porównywalnej dokładności w stosunku do ultrasonografii dwuwymiarowej (2D). Jak dotąd nie przeprowadzono żadnego badania porównującego ultrasonografię 2D i 3D w diagnostyce zerwania ścięgna mięśnia nadgrzebieniowego z uwzględnieniem poziomu doświadczenia badaczy. Cele: Celem niniejszego badania było porównanie oceny patologii ścięgna nadgrzebieniowego za pomocą badania 3D pomiędzy operatorami o różnym poziomie doświadczenia. Pacjenci i metody: Pilotażowe nieinterwencyjne, prospektywne, obserwacyjne badanie 2309 obrazów uzyskanych z badań 127 dorosłych pacjentów cierpiących z powodu jednostronnego bólu barku. Zestawy obrazów 3D zostały ocenione w sposób niezależny przez trzech badaczy. Obliczono poziom zgodności pomiędzy badaczami oraz świadozgodność ocen jednego badacza. Wyniki: Badacz A wykazał się bardzo wysokim poziomem zgodności swoich ocen w ogólnej klasyfikacji zerwania ścięgna mięśnia nadgrzebieniowego (2D vs 3D κ = 0,892, porównywalność parami 93,81%, runda ocen obrazów 3D nr 1 vs runda ocen obrazów 3D nr 2 κ = 0,875, porównywalność parami 92,857%). Zgodność pomiędzy badaczami była tylko umiarkowana w porównaniu z badaczem B (obrazy 3D) (κ = 0,497, porównywalność parami 70,95%) i przeciętna w porównaniu z badaczem C (κ = 0,238, porównywalność parami 42,38%). Wnioski: Wiarygodność interpretacji obrazów 3D ścięgna mięśnia nadgrzebieniowego jest zależna od poziomu doświadczenia operatora. Doświadczenie w ultrasonografii 2D zdaje się być niewystarczające do analizy zestawów obrazów 3D. Z tego powodu należy opracować nowe kryteria diagnostyczne dla analizy obrazów 3D i wprowadzić nauczanie interpretacji badań ultrasonografii trójwymiarowej, aby w ten sposób zwiększyć poziom odtwarzalności.
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