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Evaluation of correlation between functional shortening of hamstring and functional shortening of rectus femoris muscle in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury

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Szlęzak M., Czerwik D., Wasilewska M., Baryluk K., Likus W., Ficek K.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2019
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issue 73
31-35
EN
Introduction: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of most important structures in the knee joint. It contains mechanoreceptors, that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion and enable one to feel the knee position and proprioreception. Injury of this structure can lead to changes in knee function. Issues which relate to knee translation and knee effusion are widely described in scientific literature but increasingly more attention is being paid to muscle function: strength and stiffness. ACL trauma is often accompanied by a sensation of instability and pain during knee load. This is accompanied by joint effusion, which gradually limits the knee range of motion, exacerbates the pain and secondarily has an impact on muscle function. Functional shortening of the hamstrings can be a symptom of inappropriate control in the knee joint. Material and methods: The study was carried out in a group of 46 men aged 18–46 years old, with a mean age of 25 years old (SD = 6) with an ACL injury, which was stated after 5–52 weeks from the injury, a mean of 20 weeks (SD = 15). The functional length of the hamstring and rectus femoris muscle were measured both passively and actively by a Saunders inclinometer which allows measurement with precision up to 1°. Results: Statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between functional shortening of the hamstring and rectus femoris muscle in the healthy extremity, in active and passive tests. Conclusion: With the increase in functional shortening of the hamstring, functional shortening of the rectus femoris muscle is diminished, both in active and passive tests in the healthy and ACL injured extremity.
PL
WSTĘP: Więzadło krzyżowe przednie jest jedną z ważniejszych struktur stawu kolanowego. Zawiera mechanoreceptory, które dzięki wrażliwości na ruch umożliwiają odczuwanie pozycji stawowej oraz kinestezji. Uszkodzenie powoduje zmiany w funkcji kolana. W literaturze szeroko opisywane są pozycje dotyczące translacji oraz wysięku, ale coraz większą uwagę zwraca się na funkcję mięśni: siłę i sztywność. Urazowi towarzyszą uczucie niestabilności kolana i ból przy obciążeniu kończyny urazowej. Występuje również wysięk, który stopniowo ogranicza zakres ruchu w stawie, wzmaga dolegliwości bólowe oraz wtórnie może wpłynąć na funkcje mięśni. Skrócenie funkcjonalne mięśni kulszowo-goleniowych może być objawem nieprawidłowej kontroli w obrębie stawu kolanowego. MATERIAŁ I METODY: Badania zostały przeprowadzone na grupie 46 mężczyzn w wieku 18–46 lat (średnia wieku 25 lat; SD 6), u których stwierdzono zerwanie więzadła krzyżowego przedniego (anterior cruciate ligament – ACL) po 5–52 tygodniach od urazu (średnia 20 tygodni; SD 15). Dokonano pomiaru długości czynnościowej mięśni kulszowo-goleniowych oraz prostego uda zarówno w sposób bierny, jak i czynny. W tym celu użyto inklinometru Saundersa, który pozwala dokonać pomiaru do 1°. WYNIKI: Analiza statystyczna wykazała istotną statystycznie ujemną korelację między skróceniem funkcjonalnym mięśni kulszowo-goleniowych a prostym uda w kończynie zdrowej w badaniu czynnym oraz biernym. WNIOSKI: Wraz ze wzrostem funkcjonalnego skrócenia mięśni kulszowo-goleniowych zmniejsza się skrócenie funkcjonalne mięśnia prostego uda zarówno w badaniu czynnym, jak i biernym w kończynie zdrowej. Wzrostowi skrócenia funkcjonalnego mięśni kulszowo-goleniowych towarzyszy spadek skrócenia mięśnia prostego uda w kończynie z zerwanym ACL zarówno w badaniu czynnym, jak i biernym.
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The Reliability of Electromyographic Normalization Methods for Cycling Analyses

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Sinclair J., Taylor P. J., Hebron J., Brooks D., Hurst H. T., Atkins S.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 1
19-27
EN
Electromyography (EMG) is normalized in relation to a reference maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) value. Different normalization techniques are available but the most reliable method for cycling movements is unknown. This study investigated the reliability of different normalization techniques for cycling analyses. Twenty-five male cyclists (age 24.13 ± 2.79 years, body height 176.22 ± 4.87 cm and body mass 67.23 ± 4.19 kg, BMI = 21.70 ± 2.60 kg·m−1) performed different normalization procedures on two occasions, within the same testing session. The rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles were examined. Participants performed isometric normalizations (IMVC) using an isokinetic dynamometer. Five minutes of submaximal cycling (180 W) were also undertaken, allowing the mean (DMA) and peak (PDA) activation from each muscle to serve as reference values. Finally, a 10 s cycling sprint (MxDA) trial was undertaken and the highest activation from each muscle was used as the reference value. Differences between reference EMG amplitude, as a function of normalization technique and time, were examined using repeated measures ANOVAs. The testretest reliability of each technique was also examined using linear regression, intraclass correlations and Cronbach’s alpha. The results showed that EMG amplitude differed significantly between normalization techniques for all muscles, with the IMVC and MxDA methods demonstrating the highest amplitudes. The highest levels of reliability were observed for the PDA technique for all muscles; therefore, our results support the utilization of this method for cycling analyses.
3
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A Study of Electromyography of Lower Extremities and Comparison of Effects of Plyometric and Isotonic Weight Training

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Mehdipour A., Ferdowsi M., Alijani A., Goharpey S.
Human Movement
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2008
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vol. 9
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issue 2
103-106
EN
Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of plyometric and weight (isotonic) training on lower extremity electromyography in physical education students. Basic procedures. In this study, 45 students from the physical education and sport sciences faculty of Shahid Chamran University were selected and divided in 3 groups (plyometric - 15, weight - 15, control - 15). Two experimental groups participated in a 6 week and a 3 week period sessions. The electrical changes of muscles were measured using sergeant test for explosive power and squat test for absolute power. Main findings. The data was collected via MT8 and analyzed using MBM. The results of the variance analysis test (ANOVA) were compared with the average values of electromyography changes (explosive and absolute power) and it was shown that electrical changes (explosive and absolute power) of biceps femoris muscle in all groups were non-significant whereas electrical changes (explosive and absolute power) of rectus femoris and gastrocenimus muscles were significant.
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