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1
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Cigarette smoking by young people attending health promoting schools – selected causes and structure

100%
Grochowska A., Cupak I. B., Majda A.
Long-Term Care Nursing
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2020
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vol. 5
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issue 3
191-205
EN
Aim Smoking among young people is becoming an increasingly serious problem. The solution to the problems related to smoking can be brought about by the constant reconstruction of behavior patterns, a systematic change of customs and cultural patterns, included in the educational anti-smoking programs of Health Promoting Schools. The aim was to evaluate the structure of cigarette smoking, the demographic and environmental factors that determine smoking among young people. Material and methods The study was conducted in five Health Promoting Schools in Tarnow (Junior High School, High School). 663 students from five schools participated in the study, age 13-18. The study has been conducted two Times among the same sample: when the participants started school and in the end of education. The students completed an author`s questionnaire based on the HBSC report. Results Cigarette smoking was declared by 32.0% of the students in the first study (boys – S=1,15; SD=0,36; girls – S=1,12, SD=0,32). In the second study, cigarette smoking was declared by 37.3% (boys – S=1,3, SD=0,36; girls – S=1,18; SD=0,39). Boys have ever smoked significantly more often than girls (1st study – p=0.0131, 2nd study – p=0.0028). There were statistically significantly more people living in rural areas and smoking cigarettes (28.5%) compared to people living in urban areas (19.9%) (p=0.006). During school education, both boys and girls increased the number of cigarettes smoked and the frequency of smoking. Conclusions The health promoting schools surveyed failed to delay and prevent tobacco initiation among adolescents. Effective prophylaxis cannot be implemented also without the support of parents.
2
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Level of physical activity during school recess within aspect of available dedicated playing space

100%
Lelonek M., Przychodni A.
Physical Activity Review
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2020
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vol. 2
|
issue 8
30-37
EN
In recent years decrease in physical activity (PA) amongst school children have been highlighted. The World Health Organization recommends daily moderate to vigorous PA for this age group for at least 60 minutes. Maintaining proper PA level contributes to numerous health benefits and proper children's development stimulation. School recess allows pupils to meet the recommended physical activity guidelines, it can as well be crucial for their social and emotional development, increased learning effectiveness, reduced tension and school stress. The following element is listed among factors determining the quality and level of school recess: space available for pupils meaning a place where they can move freely and safely (run, play). Therefore, this research attempts to define what is the relation between the type of school recess resulting from available free time space for children and pupils' physical activity level during this recess. 113 grade 2 and 3 pupils from the local elementary school participated in the research (66 girls and 47 boys). Their physical activity undertaken spontaneously during school recess was the main point of observation. Two types of 10-minute school recess were analyzed: 1) the one spent in a classroom 2) the one spent in a school hallway. Significant statistical differences have been found between types of physical activity depending on space available for pupils during school recess. Clearly school recess spent in a classroom impairs free movement and causes visible reduction in physical activity. Organization of school recess including arrangement of space available to pupils between the classes can be understood as following the WHO guidelines defining the daily level of children's physical activity.
3
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Effect of 4-Week Physical Program on Musculoskeletal System Changes in Adolescent Sport Class Students with Focus on Ice Hockey

88%
Bendikova E., Marko M., Rozim R., Martinsky L.
Physical Activity Review
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2019
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issue 7
63-70
EN
The purpose of the study was to identify musculoskeletal system changes in adolescent extraleague ice hockey players. The 4-week physical program was realized within lessons of physical and sport education. Methods: The monitored group consisted of 11 adolescent sports grammar school students in Nitra, Slovakia (aged: 17.27±0.5; body height: 175.96±1.2 cm and body weight: 77.23±3.5 kg) who were the extraleague hockey players of HK Nitra. To monitor their musculoskeletal system, we used standardized methods for physical and medical practice, such as Klein and Thomas modified by Mayer. Results: The students' physical and sport education programs had positive changes on their musculoskeletal system, both in the muscle system (Wtest=p<0.05) and in the area of posture Wtest= p<0.05). While comparing the level of the students' posture as the external manifestation of the functional muscle system, we stated that the difference, the improvement between the input (12.4) and the output (7.9) testing was significant with the value of p = 0.03 (Wtest=p<0.05). By applying the 4-week physical program, the pain in the cervical and lumbar spine in students was also eliminated.
4
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Teaching Experimental Chemistry in English Schools / Nauczanie Chemii Doświadczalnej W Angielskich Szkołach

63%
Szydło Z. A.
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|
issue 1-2
7-25
EN
An historical background to the teaching of chemistry is presented, together with examples of great teachers from the past. Some aspects of the modern English school chemistry syllabus are discussed, both from the point of view of its theoretical content and its aim in helping children to develop practical skills. Chemistry Clubs, Open days and popular science lectures are also mentioned as a means of stimulating interest in chemistry as taught in schools.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono tło historyczne nauczania chemii; podano także przykłady wybitnych nauczycieli z przeszłości. Omówiono wybrane elementy programu nauczania chemii w szkołach angielskich z punktu widzenia zawartości teoretycznej, jak również przydatności w rozwijaniu przez uczniów umiejętności praktycznych. Jako dodatkowe sposoby wzbudzania zainteresowania chemią szkolną przedstawiono także działalność kółek chemicznych, organizowanie dni otwartych oraz wykładów popularnonaukowych
5
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The use of pilocarpine in the treatment of presbyopia

63%
Szumny D.
OphthaTherapy
|
2022
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vol. 9
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issue 3
189-193
PL
Starczowzroczność jest fizjologicznym procesem postępującej utraty akomodacji, który powoduje pogarszanie zdolności skupiania wzroku na obiektach znajdujących się w różnych odległościach. Obecnie uważa się, że jest on bezpośrednią konsekwencją dwóch zjawisk: konstrukcji przezroczystej soczewki i sposobu, w jaki musi ona zmieniać kształt, aby umożliwić skupianie, oraz niestabilności białek w bardzo długim czasie. W ostatnich latach intensywnie badane są różne substancje, które, zwężając czasowo źrenice, powodują efekt otworkowy i umożliwiają poprawę ostrości widzenia do bliży. Najczęściej badany jest 1,25% roztwór pilokarpiny. Sama substancja znana jest od ponad 100 lat i ma dobrze udokumentowane działanie hipotensyjne oraz liczne działania niepożądane. Jednak zmniejszone stężenie oraz rzadsze dawkowanie, a także obecnie badane dodawanie leków o działaniu przeciwzapalnym pozwalają mieć nadzieję na skuteczność w leczeniu starczowzroczności. Wyniki dotychczasowych badań są obiecujące. Badacze wskazują na poprawę ostrości wzroku do bliży i mały odsetek działań niepożądanych, w większości łagodnych. W przyszłości dowiemy się, czy optymistyczne obserwacje, głównie w badaniach krótkoterminowych, przełożą się na skuteczność i zastosowanie również w szerokiej praktyce.
EN
Presbyopia is a physiological process of progressive loss of accommodation, which leads to a deterioration in the ability to focus vision on objects at different distances. This is now thought to be a direct consequence of two causes: the design of the transparent lens and the way it has to change shape to allow focusing, and the instability of proteins over very long periods of time. In recent years, various substances that temporarily narrow the pupil, causing a pinhole effect, have been intensively investigated to allow improved near vision acuity. The most commonly researched is 1.25% pilocarpine solution. The substance itself has been known for more than 100 years, with a well-documented hypotensive effect and numerous side effects. However, the reduced concentration and less frequent dosing, as well as the addition of drugs with anti-inflammatory effects currently being studied, offer hope for efficacy in the treatment of presbyopia. The results of the studies so far are promising. Researchers point to improved near visual acuity and a low rate of mild side effects. In the future, we will find out whether the optimistic observations mainly in short-term studies will also be effective and applicable in broad practice.
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