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EN
Human prostate cancer cells were evaluated for growth after photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, and combined treatment. Indocyanine green was tested as a photosensitizer and radiosensitizer. Two human cell lines were used: PC-3 derived from prostate carcinoma, and EPN derived from normal prostate tissue. The light source used for the photoactivation experiments was a diode laser peaked at 805 nm. The light dose incident on cells was 108 J/cm2. Ionizing radiation was produced by a linear accelerator, and the dose was 2, 4 and 6 Gy. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the colony forming ability of cells. Our results show that indocyanine green induces cell death by photoactivation, but it does not act as a radiosensitizer if used with ionizing radiation. The combined treatment of photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy produces an additive effect which does not depend on the sequence of the two treatments. Combined treatments could be more useful since they allow the reduction of the ionizing radiation dose to obtain the same effect as one obtainable by radiotherapy alone.
EN
The solution structure and thermal stability of human prostatic acid phosphatase (hPAP) in the absence and in the presence of tartaric acid were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The temperature dependence of the infrared spectrum and DSC scans indicate that hPAP undergoes thermal unfolding at a temperature between 49.5 and 52.5°C. Binding of tartaric acid does not lead to major changes in the secondary structure of hPAP, however, hPAP with bound tartaric acid shows a significantly increased thermal stability. These results helped to better understand the mechanism of hPAP unfolding at the elevated temperature.
EN
Invasion of urinary organs due to advanced colorectal cancer can comprise a surgical challenge in achieving negative resection margins. The aim of the study was to asses the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer invading the lower urinary organs. Material and methods. This is a cohort study that retrospectively evaluated the surgical and pathological findings after the resection of colorectal cancer with adjacent urological organs due to advanced colorectal cancer. Patients with primary colorectal cancer invading urological organs where primary resection was attempted were included. Results. The study included 31 patients who underwent surgery in our department between 1997 and 2012. Median age was 65 years (range 44‑77 years). Seventeen patients underwent partial cystectomy, one had partial prostatectomy performed, eight patients underwent cystoprostatectomy, two had cystectomy performed and three had prostatectomy performed. Overall morbidity rate was 71% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 55‑84%, n=22). The 30-day mortality rate was 10% (95% CI: 0‑23%, n=3). Twentyseven of 31 patients had free resection margins. Four of 28 patients developed distant metastasis (14%, 95% CI: 4‑29%), 11% developed local recurrence (95% CI: 0‑25%, n=3). Median follow-up was 41 months (range 0‑150 months). Histopathological examination revealed tumour invasion in 52% (95% CI: 35‑69%, n=15) of the resected urological organs. The overall five-year survival rate was 70%. The five-year survival rate in the radical resection group was 74%. Conclusions. En-bloc resection of colorectal cancer with adjacent urological organs has a high morbidity rate. However it is still possible to achieve negative resection margins in most cases.
EN
The article discusses the principles of the proper performance of the ultrasound examination of the prostate gland. The paper has been divided into two parts: the general one and the detailed one. The first part presents the necessary requirements referring to the ultrasound apparatus for performing transabdominal examinations of the urinary bladder and the prostate gland as well as for transrectal examinations of the prostate gland. The paper also describes the techniques of performing both examinations together with the methods of measuring the capacity of the urinary bladder and the volume of the prostate gland. It also mentions the most frequent indications for performing the examinations as well as diagnostic algorithms applied in case of finding irregularities. The transabdominal ultrasonography is a part of the examination of the abdominal organs and it should be performed in patients complaining of dysuric symptoms. An addition to the examination, especially when the prostate gland is enlarged, should be the measurement of the capacity of the urinary bladder and the assessment of the amount of residual urine after voiding. The indications for the endosonographic examination of the prostate gland are patological changes found in the per rectum examination, elevated concentration of the prostate-specific antigen in the blood serum, cancer and inflammations of the prostate gland if an abscess is suspected, qualification for surgery in the course of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the diagnostics of disorders of ejaculation. A standard procedure performed in case of prostate cancer for the purpose of obtaining specimens for the histopathology examination is biopsy carried out with transrectal ultrasound imaging. The paper presents the indications and techniques of performing prostate biopsy, as well as the types of biopsies together with the necessary preparation and the protection against its side effects for the patient. The paper also lists the necessary elements of the description of the presented procedures. The second part of the paper presents the application of the ultrasound examination in benign prostatic hyperplasia, in cases of inflammation and in prostate cancer.
PL
W artykule omówiono zasady prawidłowego wykonania badania ultrasonograficznego gruczołu krokowego. Pracę podzielono na dwie części: ogólną i szczegółową. W części pierwszej przedstawiono niezbędne wymagania dotyczące aparatury ultrasonograficznej do badań przezbrzusznych pęcherza moczowego i gruczołu krokowego, jak również do badań przezodbytniczych gruczołu krokowego. Opisano również techniki wykonania obu badań wraz z metodami pomiaru pojemności pęcherza moczowego i objętości gruczołu krokowego. W pracy omówiono także najczęstsze wskazania do wykonania badań, jak również algorytmy diagnostyczne w przypadku stwierdzenia nieprawidłowości. Badanie przez powłoki jamy brzusznej jest częścią badania narządów jamy brzusznej i powinno być wykonywane u chorych skarżących się na objawy dyzuryczne. Uzupełnieniem badania, szczególnie gdy gruczoł krokowy jest powiększony, powinny być pomiar pojemności pęcherza moczowego i ocena ilości moczu zalegającego po mikcji. Wskazaniami do wykonania badania endosonograficznego gruczołu krokowego są zmiany wyczuwalne palcem w trakcie badania przez odbyt, podwyższone stężenie antygenu sterczowego w surowicy krwi, rak oraz stany zapalne gruczołu krokowego, w tym podejrzenie ropnia, kwalifikacja do zabiegu operacyjnego w przebiegu łagodnego rozrostu stercza oraz diagnostyka zaburzeń wytrysku nasienia. Standardową procedurą wykonywaną w raku stercza w celu uzyskania wycinków do badania histopatologicznego jest biopsja pod kontrolą ultrasonografii przezodbytniczej. Przedstawiono wskazania i techniki wykonania biopsji stercza, jak również rodzaje biopsji, wraz z niezbędnym przygotowaniem oraz zabezpieczeniem przed jej skutkami niepożądanymi dla pacjenta. Wymieniono także niezbędne elementy opisu omawianych procedur. W drugiej części pracy przedstawiono zastosowanie badania ultrasonograficznego w łagodnym rozroście gruczołu krokowego, w stanach zapalnych oraz w raku stercza.
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