Full-text resources of PSJD and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl
Preferences help
Polish version English version Language
enabled [disable] Abstract
Number of results

Results found: 22

Number of results on page
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  physical culture
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
1
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Sport in the district of Myszków in the years 1956-1975

100%
Bakota D., Khlud M.
Physical Activity Review
|
2018
|
vol. 6
94-99
EN
The paper discusses the development of sport on the territory of the district of Myszków in the years 1956 -1975. The introductory part focuses on organizational units responsible for the development of physical culture (especially sport) on the territory of the district such as: Physical Culture Committ ee (established in 1956), Secretariat of Physical Culture (established in 1958 in place of the Physical Culture Committee), District Committee of Physical Culture (set up in 1960) and the unit established a year later (in 1961) - District Committee of Phys ical Culture and Tourism. Whereas the contents of the further part of the study also concern sports infrastructure on the territory of the district of Myszków, as well as sports activity conducted on the territory of the district by union sports clubs, Rur al Sports Teams and School Sports Association. Sports practised in the district of Myszków (years 1956 -1975) were primarily the following: cycling, basketball, track and field events, football, handball, volleyball, weightlifting, chess and table tennis.
2
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

The Outline of the History of Physical Culture in the Province of Ternopil in the Years 1920-1939

100%
Małolepszy E., Drozdek-Małolepsza T.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
|
2022
|
vol. 37
5-11
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the outline of the history of physical culture in the province of Ternopil in the years 1920-1939. The province of Ternopil was established on 23 December 1920, as one of the very first provinces on the South-Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic. In the interwar period, physical culture flourished in the province of Ternopil. In the twenties and thirties of the 20th century, new social and sports associations and sports clubs were being established. What is more, sports organisations gathering Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish citizens that had been active before the outbreak of WWI became active again. Football was the most popular sports discipline practised alongside boxing, gymnastics, cycling, athletics, archery, water sports, shooting, gliding, table tennis. A contest whose main prize was the State Sports Badge played an important role in propagating physical activity in society.
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

ADVENTURE/QUALIFIED TOURISM IN THE REHABILITATION OF JUVENILES

100%
Paczyńska-Jędrycka M., Łubkowska W.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
|
2013
|
vol. 3
|
issue 3
31-32
EN
The objective of this article was to show the educational values of adventure tourism in the process of rehabilitation of juveniles. Theoretical considerations concerning this topic give rise to the following conclusions: 1. Thanks to qualified tourism, young people shape their character and face weaknesses. It helps to change the behavior and create pro-social attitudes. 2. Qualified tourism teaches basic life skills. All of the above-mentioned points prove that part of correctional facilities activity should be based on qualified tourism.
4
Content available remote

The Impact of the Place of Residence on Middle School Pupils' Attitudes towards Physical Culture

100%
Dziubiński Z., Magdziarz B.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
|
2015
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
13-16
EN
Introduction. Differences and inequalities connected with the place where a person lives are a subject of interest to social sciences, sociology in particular. Empirical findings indicate that residents of urban and rural areas differ significantly in terms of such variables as physical development, health condition, life expectancy, affluence, education level, access to power, cultural capital and so on. It is interesting to check whether the above regularity also applies to young people's attitudes towards physical culture. The aim of this study was to examine attitudes which middle school pupils (ages between 13 and 16) in Poland's urban and rural areas held to physical culture. Material and methods. The study involved a survey conducted between 10th November 2011 and 10th March 2012 on a purposive sample of 336 children. They were pupils aged 13-16 in two middle schools in Świętokrzyskie province: the Jan Karski no. 4 Middle School in the city of Kielce and the John Paul II Middle School in the village of Masłów, Kielce county. The diagnostic poll method was used in the study and an original, categorised poll was the research tool. The surveying technique was an auditorium questionnaire. Results. After analysis, empirical data obtained from the survey shows that the place of residence causes slights differences in middle school pupils' attitudes towards physical culture. The data allows for the conclusion that pupils from urban areas possess a little better knowledge of physical culture than their peers from rural areas. Pupils from villages have, in turn, a slightly more positive emotional approach to physical culture than pupils in cities. Urban middle school pupils manifest more positive behaviours within physical culture than rural pupils. The place of residence does not cause such striking differences in attitudes to physical culture as it does in other social and cultural variables, such as affluence, education level, access to power, health condition, fitness, participation in culture and so on.
5
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Social and Political Aspects of the Development of Cycling in Pomorze Zachodnie (West Pomerania) in the Years 1945–1950

100%
Stefanik R., Zawadzki M.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
|
2020
|
vol. 30
|
issue 2
5-14
EN
The article presents the determinants of the development of cycling in the areas incorporated by Poland in the first years after the Second World War. The biggest contribution into this process was made by people from large cities, pre-war enthusiasts and athletes who undertook the hardships of social activity and the engagement of local youth. Sports organizations were controlled, but also supported, by state authorities that used mass events in the propaganda policy and actions aimed at integrating the Northern and Western Lands with the rest of the country. This was an important task due to the difficult living conditions and marauding groups of criminals for whom Pomorze Zachodnie constituted an area of criminal activity, mainly plundering former German property, as well as attacking. Polish settlers. The development of cycling in Szczecin was favored by the German infrastructure, including a concrete track often used in national championships. At the end of 1949, sport in Poland was reorganized and centralized, making it similar to the Soviet model, where there was no room for social measures. The bourgeoisie clubs had to cease their activities, while the circles and clubs were created at workplaces and trade unions. Sports federations were liquidated and their place was occupied by sports clubs located within the structures of the state administration. The organizational changes were accompanied by the mass popularization of sport and increased financing for competitive sport from the state budget. The goal of such activities was to reach a wide group of young people for the needs of indoctrination, as well as to raise the level of sport to achieve more effective competition with Western countries.
6
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Chosen forms of participation in physical culture in the multinational Stanisławowski province in the period 1920-1939

100%
Drozdek-Małolepsza T., Małolepszy E.
Physical Activity Review
|
2021
|
vol. 2
|
issue 9
149-154
EN
The aim of this paper is to present an outline of the history of physical culture in the Stanisławowski province (an area that is currently within the borders of Ukraine) in the period 1920-1939 in the times of the Second Polish Republic. In the inter-war period the development of physical culture took place in the Stanisławowski province. In the period of the 1920s and 1930s there was a development of sports infrastructure. Social and sports associations were established, while also sports clubs, as well as the fact that sports organizations were reactivated that had operated in the period prior to the outbreak of the First World War among the Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish communities. Organizational structures of sporting movements were established, among others, Stanisławowski District Football Association, as well as structures at a sub-district level. The development of sporting competition took place. The most popular sporting discipline was football; while also gymnastics, horse riding, cycling, athletics, shooting, skiing, table tennis.
7

Agon Lost – or in Disguise? A Commentary

100%
Ballisager O.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
|
2019
|
vol. 82
|
issue 1
46-52
8
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Counteracting Social Exclusion of People with Motor Dysfunctions through Physical Culture- Opinions of People with and without Physical Disabilities

100%
Grzybowska M., J. Cynarski W., Błażejewski G.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
|
2017
|
vol. 20
|
issue 4
61-68
EN
In the years 2010-2012, the research survey was carried out on 480 people with or without physical disabilities. The aim of the research was to obtain information on attitudes and opinions of people with physical disabilities towards the possibility of reducing social marginalization through participation in physical culture. The research confirmed that the respondents’ attitudes towards participation of those people in physical culture were, in majority, positive. Participants of the research expressed the opinion that the feeling of marginalization of physically disabled persons would not have been so strong if there had been the possibility of an active participation in sport, recreation and tourism as well as in active rehabilitation. The possibilities of an active participation in physical activity should be inexpensive and widely accessible regardless of the year season and with providing volunteer assistance and transport facilitations.
9
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL CULTURE IN THE SOVIET UNION IN THE YEARS 1917–1939

100%
Stefanik R.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
|
2014
|
vol. 8
|
issue 4
123-128
EN
The article shows social and political aspects of implementing Soviet ideology-doctrine of physical culture after taking over the rule by communists in Russia and its evolution up to the year 1939. Physical culture, including sports was harnessed into the system of indoctrination of the population, preparation for military service and increased production effort. Sport, which was supposed to serve the working classes, became a tool of propaganda, confrontation with Western Countries and for leading politicians and trainers it became a conveyor belt of power ideology. Against the background of internal and external situation the system of so called socialistic physical culture social sport’s phenomenon was shown, which, often against the policy of authorities, remained a way of life, entertainment, and spectacle gathering many fans.
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Towards a General Theory of Fighting Arts

88%
Cynarski W.
Physical Activity Review
|
2017
|
vol. 5
83-90
EN
Introduction: The fighting arts are an interesting area for researchers from many scientific disciplines around the world. Scientific investigations need to choose appropriate theory, language and methods. The first theory that gives us a special language is the Humanistic Theory of Martial Arts, HTMA. The second is the Anthropology of Martial Arts, AMA. The problem considered in this study is how we should study the martial arts & combat sports & systems, or ‘combatives’; what theoretical framework should we use. It is the author’s proposal for a scientific perspective which should be useful; an elaboration the Humanistic Theory of Martial Arts (HTMA) and definitions, the General Theory of Fighting Arts (GTFA), and the Anthropology of Martial Arts. Methodology: Participant observation, and qualitative content analysis of the literature were used. Methodology of research (in the area of the fighting arts) was also analyzed. Results and Discussion: General Theory of Fighting Arts – GTFA. In the GTFA we can study and explain a broad area of fighting arts and the related problems. These are: 1. Cultural areas of martial arts & combat sports & combat systems (according to AMA and HTMA); 2. Teaching concepts (technical and tactical issues), combat strategy (for self-defence and in combat sports), aspects of real fighting – interdisciplinary; 3. Bio-technical issues – from the perspective of sports sciences. The Research methodology for traditional East Asian martial arts requires its own practice and a high level of sophistication – at best, in more than one martial art. It is a qualitative method of participant observation associated with the experience of metaphysical dimensions. This special method is the ‘shugyo’ (Jap. shūgyō) – psychophysical study and experience from practicing psycho-physical systems. Michael Maliszewski was one of first researchers using this method. Conclusion: The GTFA is the sum of HTMA (humanistic, social and cultural issues), AMA (philosophical, cultural and biological approaches), and a part of Sport Sciences, for coaching, bio-technical and bio-medical issues, the methodology of teaching, etc. The GTFA now created should give us the opportunity to research and explain complicated problems of fighting arts, according to this new, holistic paradigm.
11

Championing Physical Cultural Sciences

88%
Kosiewicz J.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
|
2019
|
vol. 82
|
issue 1
67-93
12
Content available remote

Philosophy of Sport in Poland: Observations

88%
Kosiewicz J.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
|
2012
|
vol. 54
|
issue 1
86-102
EN
The presented paper has a polemic and an explanatory nature. It refers to some of the inaccuracies contained in the text authored by Ivo Jirásek and Peter Hopsicker. The aforementioned authors presented the achievements of various prominent philosophers of sport from Slavic countries, including the achievements of some Polish thinkers. My observations are focused mainly on issues related to the birth and development of the philosophy of sport in Poland. I would like to thank Professor Ivo Jirásek and Professor Peter Hopsicker for addressing the topic of Polish philosophy and for their research efforts. I also would like to ask the authors to receive my comments with the good intentions with which I composed them, and hope my comments may enrich their cognitive project.
13
Content available remote

Public Health in Different Political Systems of the State

88%
Pawłucki A.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
|
2014
|
vol. 61
|
issue 1
15-27
EN
The goal of this paper is to explain the dependence between the political system of the state: collectivist, conservative, and liberal in a postmodern society, and public health-related practice. In the consideration of different systems of physical culture, including the system of health culture known as public health, Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems has been used. The social system of health culture, hitherto known as the system of public health, is acknowledged as a variety of social systems of physical culture, whereas the health gymnasion is one of many possible centers of habilitation, recreation, and rehabilitation of the body. It is argued that an educating society can only persist successfully if the state does not lose control in the struggle against the ideologues of neoliberal forces hostile to the solidarity-based and welfare state.
14
Content available remote

Be a Sedentary Confucian Gentlemen: The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts using Confucianism and the Civil Service Examination

88%
Yu J.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
|
2011
|
vol. 51
|
issue 1
80-90
EN
Although there has been a growing body of research that explores Chinese masculinities within imperial China, the connection between masculinity and physical culture has been neglected. In this article, the author argues that Chinese emperors used Confucianism and the civil service examination (keju) to rule the country, and at the same time, created a social group of sedentary gentlemen whose studiousness and bookishness were worshiped by the public. In particular, the political institution of keju played a crucial role in disciplining the body. Behavior that did not conform to the Confucian standards which stressed civility and education were considered barbaric. As a result, a wen-version of masculinity was constructed. In other words, an anti-physical culture that strengthened the gross contempt towards those who chose to engage in physical labor.
15
Content available remote

Physical Culture in the Tradition and Rites of the Tatar Population Inhabiting Polish Territory

88%
Szum E., Cieoeliński R.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
|
2012
|
vol. 19
|
issue 2
91-96
EN
This report presents the findings of a qualitative study on the physical culture of the Tatar community inhabiting Polish territory. Historical elements of the physical culture of the Tatar community have been presented against the background of general characteristics of this ethnic group and the history of the presence of Tatars on Polish soil. The article shows particular aspects of the Tatar tradition of physical culture and its place in Tatar national culture. This is the first known report on the physical culture of this ethnic group on the ground of ethnology or cultural anthropology.
16
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Development of coordination and speed-power abilities in children 8-9 years with the help of exercise Classics

88%
Polevoy G.
Physical Activity Review
|
2020
|
vol. 1
|
issue 8
46-50
EN
The aim of the study is to study the impact of the exercise «Classic's» on the performance of coordination and speed-power abilities of younger schoolchildren. Methods - pedagogical experiment lasted for 9 months, it was attended by 50 children who study in a regular school in the second grade. Physical education lessons were held twice a week, for 40 minutes. Speed-power abilities were determined by the test «long Jump». Coordination abilities were determined by the «Shuttle run» test. Programs Excel-2016 and Biostatistica-2009, t-test (p<0.05) were used. Results - after a pedagogical study, the indicators of schoolchildren in CG improved, but not significantly. Children from EG, who performed the exercise «Classic's» at each lesson in physical education in school, were able to significantly improve their performance in both tests. In the «Shuttle run» test, the results were 19.1% higher (p<0.05), while the «long Jump» test improved from 113.3±6.1 cm to 141.4±7.4 cm (p<0.05). The results of schoolchildren from EG, show the effectiveness of the use of exercises «Classic's» in physical education lessons at school, as an addition to the standard program. Conclusion - if the lessons of physical culture in school with children 8-9 years to perform the exercise «Classic's», the performance of speed-power and coordination abilities will improve significantly.
17
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Primary school students’ attitudes towards physical culture, physical education lessons and exercises during a pandemic

75%
Gądek A.
Health Promotion & Physical Activity
|
2020
|
vol. 13
|
issue 4
40-45
PL
Wstęp: Jednym z głównych celów wychowania fizycznego jest kształtowanie odpowiednich postaw uczniów wobec ćwiczeń i kultury fizycznej. Celem badań było określenie postaw uczniów szkół podstawowych wobec kultury fizycznej, lekcji wychowania fizycznego i aktywności ruchowej. Materiał i metody: Badania zrealizowano na przełomie maja i czerwca 2020 roku wśród uczniów szkół podstawowych z Tarnowa i Krakowa. Przebadano 336 uczniów, w tym 141 dziewcząt. W badaniach wykorzystano Kwestionariusz do badania postaw młodzieży wobec kultury fizycznej autorstwa S. Strzyżewskiego. Wyniki: Wyniki badań wykazały pozytywny stosunek uczniów wobec kultury fizycznej. Dla wielkości badanych (76,2%) aktywność fizyczna sprawia przyjemność. Ponad połowa uczniów (57,7%) odczuwa zadowolenie z lekcji wychowania fizycznego. Ponadto chłopcom, częściej niż dziewczętom, ćwiczenia fizyczne sprawiały przyjemność. Wnioski: Uczniowie przejawiają pozytywny stosunek do kultury fizycznej, lekcji wychowania fizycznego i aktywności fizycznej. Poziom postaw chłopców jest wyższy niż dziewcząt. Wskazane byłoby zwiększenie atrakcyjności zajęć wf dla dziewcząt w celu kształtowania pozytywnych postaw.
EN
Introduction: One of the main goals of physical education is forming students’ proper attitudes towards physical exercises and culture. The study aimed to determine primary school students’ attitudes towards physical culture, physical education lessons and physical activity. Material and methods: The tests were conducted at the turn of May and June 2020 among primary school students from Kraków and Tarnów. They comprised 336 students, including 141 girls. Research employed the Questionnaire for testing attitudes of the youth towards physical culture by S. Strzyżewski (Pol. Kwestionariusz do badania postaw młodzieży wobec kultury fizycznej). Results: The test results demonstrated students’ positive attitudes towards physical culture. For most of the examined (76.2%) physical activity means pleasure. More than a half of the students (57.7%) are satisfied with physical education classes. Boys enjoyed physical exercises more frequently than girls. Conclusions: Students present a positive attitude towards physical culture, physical education lessons and physical activity. The level of attitudes is higher among boys than girls. It would be advisable to make physical education lessons more attractive to girls in order to form positive attitudes.
18
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

A short biography of Olympian Leszek Bebło

75%
Tworek B.
Health Promotion & Physical Activity
|
2023
|
vol. 22
|
issue 1
18-21
PL
Sport jest jedną z form uczestnictwa w kulturze fizycznej. Maratończyk Leszek Bebło jest przykładem uczestnictwa kulturze fizycznej poprzez sport. Lekkoatleta zapisał się na kartach historii Polskiej lekkiej atletyki między innymi przez dwukrotny udział w Igrzyskach Olimpijskich, Mistrzostwach świata w Stuttgarcie oraz jako zwycięzca wielu zagranicznych prestiżowych biegów miedzy innymi jako jedyny Polak wygrał rozgrywany od 1896 roku Maraton Paryski.
EN
Sport is one of the forms of participation in physical culture. Marathon runner Leszek Bebło is an example of participation in physical culture through sport. The track and field athlete has left his mark on the history of Polish athletics through his participation in two Olympic Games, the World Championships in Stuttgart, and as a winner of many prestigious foreign races, including being the only Pole to win the Paris Marathon, which has been held since 1896.
19
Content available remote

Traditional games and fun of the Roma community inhabiting eastern Poland. An anthropologicalethnomethodological perspective

75%
Szum E., Cieśliński R.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
|
2013
|
vol. 20
|
issue 4
288-293
EN
Introduction. The Roma for strangers are a people of serenity and fun. By the majority of the Polish society they are perceived as people who have lost touch with a broader context of social reality. The aim of the research was to gather material concerning traditional Gypsy fun and games, systematize the knowledge about the physical culture of the Polish Roma and also determine the sense of social actions taken within the scope of games and fun of this ethnic group. Material and methods. The research, belonging to the current of anthropological-ethnological thought, was carried out among the Roma from the eastern part of Poland. The findings were presented as elements of non-material culture and a form of physical activity of this ethnic group. The traditional games and fun of the Polish Roma were presented against the background of general characteristics of the ethnic group and the entire history of the Gypsies presence on Polish soil. Results and conclusions. The research has shown that the physical culture of the Polish Roma, displayed in the form of games and fun, is crucial for strengthening the existing social bonds and shaping new ones. The research has proven that the joint physical culture of the Polish Roma, being an integrating factor, initiates and intensifies social interactions, and is conducive to the development of interpersonal relations. It has been found that there are patterns of physical culture and forms of physical activity of characteristic of the Roma community. The study and the interpretation of the findings, has enabled the authors to systematize the knowledge on the physical culture of the Polish Roma, and also determine the sense of the actions taken by them in this scope.
20
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Students’ attitudes towards physical culture, physical education classes and exercises

63%
Gądek A.
Health Promotion & Physical Activity
|
2022
|
vol. 21
|
issue 4
15-26
EN
Introduction: The notion of the attitude towards physical culture covers many terms with narrower meanings. A more precisely defined meaning includes all its various elements such as the attitude towards one’s body, its physique, hygiene, fitness, various forms of rest and activity, etc. The aim of the research was to define the attitudes of youngsters graduating from secondary schools towards physical culture, physical education lessons and exercises. Material and methods: The research covered the senior year students from Tarnów who attended grammar schools, secondary technical schools and first degree vocational schools. The survey covered 751 students, 413 (55.0%) males and 338 (45.0%) females. The basic research method was a diagnostic survey. In order to obtain the necessary data which served to verify the hypotheses a survey technique was used with the following research tool: Questionnaire for testing the attitudes of young people towards physical culture S. Strzyżewski’s. Results: As the research showed each index of students’ attitudes towards physical culture was at the medium level, and the values ranged from 2.06 to 2.55 points. The average value of the global index of attitude amounted to 2.28 points. The highest result regarded the cognitive component (2.55), and the lowest average value was recorded in the case of the behavioural component (2.06). The greatest diversity of data was noticed in the behavioural component. Males obtained higher average values of the tested indices of attitudes than females. Conclusions: The obtained data show that the attitudes towards physical culture among the surveyed youngsters are shaped at a satisfying, although medium, level. The surveyed males obtained higher values both in individual components of the attitude and the global index. Secondary technical school students dominated over the other types of school.
PL
Wstęp: Pojęcie postawy wobec kultury fizycznej składa się z wielu określeń o węższym znaczeniu. Bardziej sprecyzowane znaczenie dotyczy wszelakich jej elementów. Można wyróżnić postawę wobec własnego ciała, jego budowy, higieny, sprawności fizycznej, różnych form wypoczynku i aktywności itp. Celem badań było określenie postaw wobec kultury fizycznej, lekcji wychowania fizycznego i ćwiczeń młodzieży kończącej szkoły ponadpodstawowe. Materiał i metody: Badaniami objęto tarnowskich uczniów, którzy uczęszczali do ostatnich klas liceów ogólnokształcących, techników i szkół branżowych pierwszego stopnia. Badaniami zostało objętych 751 uczniów, w tym 413 (55,0%) mężczyzn i 338 (45,0%) kobiet. W przeprowadzonych badaniach podstawową metodą był sondaż diagnostyczny. W celu uzyskania niezbędnych danych, które posłużyły do zweryfikowania postawionych hipotez zastosowano technikę ankietowania, z następującym narzędziem badawczym: Kwestionariusz do badania postaw młodzieży wobec kultury fizycznej autorstwa S. Strzyżewskiego. Wyniki: Jak wykazały przeprowadzone badania, każdy ze wskaźników postaw uczniów wobec kultury fizycznej był na średnim poziomie, a ich wartości wahały się od 2,06 do 2,55 pkt. Średnia wartość wskaźnika globalnego postawy wyniosła 2,28 pkt. Najwyższy wynik dotyczył komponentu poznawczego (2,55), a najniższą średnią wartość odnotowano w przypadku komponentu behawioralnego (2,06). W komponencie behawioralnym wystąpiło największe zróżnicowanie danych. Mężczyźni cechowali się wyższymi przeciętnymi wartościami badanych wskaźników postaw niż kobiety. Wnioski: Z otrzymanych danych wynika, że postawy wobec kultury fizycznej badanej młodzieży kształtują się na zadowalającym, choć średnim poziomie. Badani mężczyźni wykazywali wyższe wartości w poszczególnych komponentach postawy jak i wskaźniku globalnym. Uczniowie z techników dominowali nad pozostałymi typami szkół.
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.