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EN
Disability has become an increasingly important field of investment for modern welfare policy-visible in architecture for wheelchair users as well as in budgets for health care. This documents a gain in solidarity, but it implies also some challenges of practical and philosophical character. Play and games (of, for, and with disabled people) make these challenges bodily. These challenges will here be explored in three steps. In the first step, we discover the paradoxes of equality and categorization, normalization and deviance in the understanding of disability. Ableism, a negative view on disability, is just around the corner. The Paralympic sports for disabled people make this visible. However, play with disabled people shows alternative ways. And it calls to our attention how little we know, so far, about how disabled people play. The second step leads to an existential phenomenology of disablement. Sport and play make visible to what degree the building of “handicap” is a cultural achievement. All human beings are born disabled and finally die disabled-and inbetween they create hindrances to make life dis-eased. Dis-ease is a human condition. However, and this is an important third step, disablement and dis-eased life are not just one, but highly differentiated. These differences are relevant for political practice and have to be recognized. Attention to differences opens up a differential phenomenology of disablement and of disabled people in play-as a basis for politics of recognition.
EN
Sport psychologists rarely discuss religious belief or spirituality in their work. Where they do, this is most usually in relation to flow and positive experiential states linked to optimal performance. This article argues that other spiritual dimensions, such as courage, sacrifice and suffering can also be encountered in sport, especially at elite and professional levels. By drawing on broader and more holistic approaches to identity in sport it becomes possible to recognise that for some athletes, religious faith and other sources of spirituality are a major source of meaning in their lives. Applied experiences of the author delivering sport psychology counselling inside several English Premier League teams over 9 seasons is used to highlight how spirituality can be encountered in work with elite professional footballers. Existential phenomenological psychology and philosophical personalism are offered as ways in which sport psychology might be able to find a suitable theoretical framework that can accommodate spiritual ideas and renew focus on the person of the athlete.
3
75%
Human Movement
|
2012
|
vol. 13
|
issue 1
70-77
EN
The philosophical rehabilitation of the body and corporeality, as undertaken by Paul Ricoeur, may be inscribed as a critique of the model of modern subjectivity as prefigured in the Cartesian Cogito of self-consciousness, self-awareness and substantial identity. This dominating paradigm of thinking cannot be preserved any longer in the face of Nietzsche and Freud, as well as of contemporary linguistics. This model reduced corporeality as a residuum of what is other than I to a handy object of scientific and technological exploration. Whereas, according to Ricoeur, otherness is not something that only accidentally happens to ego. It is not an unessential element and a negative aspect of a subject's and person's identity. Becoming oneself and understanding oneself take place in the medium of the Other. Otherness is for the identity of human ego something internal and originary, reaching us in a sphere of what is truly our own. The hermeneutics of being oneself, rejecting an appearance and the temptation of direct cognition, consists in the analysis of three figures of Otherness, which seem to be consecutively: my own body, the Other and Conscience.Under the influence of the Husserlian distinction of "my own body" and "a body among other bodies", as well as the Heideggerian existentials describing "being-in-the-world", Ricoeur postulates, in a way similarly to Marcel and Merleau-Ponty, a reinterpretation of traditional understanding of both subjectivity and objectivity, as well as the very cognitive act of doing so. Its pre-reflexive foundation was uncovered by existential hermeneutics. The phenomena of being a body and having it appear to be problematic to the utmost, thus opening access to originary relationships between a man and the world as a correlation of bodily intentionality.
PL
Niezależnie od historycznych uwarunkowań, niezależnie od zmieniających się naukowych paradygmatów, zawsze, gdy na horyzoncie myślenia pojawia się kwestia cielesności, wraz z nią niechybnie uobecnia się kwestia duszy. Wydaje się, że wzajemna relacja tego, co cielesne i tego, co duchowe, została przesądzona, nierzadko bowiem można odnieść wrażenie, że wciąż pozostajemy pod wpływem platońskiego wyobrażenia ciała, którym włada dusza. Jednym z przykładów dominacji platońskiego paradygmatu jest współczesny dyskurs paraolimpijski. Stawiając problem ciała niepełnosprawnego w kontekście rehabilitacji oraz sportu autorka chciała pokazać, jak możliwe jest myślenie, a tym samym mówienie o ciele w kategoriach innych niż te tylko, które odwołują się do opozycji fizyczne - duchowe. Próbą przezwyciężenia tej opozycji jest filozofia cielesności Merleau-Ponty'ego. Sięgamy zatem po Fenomenologię percepcji w nadziei, że zawarte w niej rozważania utorują drogę naszemu spojrzeniu i pomogą nam ujrzeć ciało w nieznanej dotąd perspektywie.
EN
Regardless of any historic predispositions, regardless of any scientific paradigms whenever the question of corporeality emerges, along comes the question of the soul. It seems that the mutual relation between the bodily and spiritual aspects has been predestined and oftentimes one may have the impression that we are still under the influence of Platonic idea of the body, possessed by the soul. A contemporary discourse on Paralympics can serve as an example of domination of the Platonic paradigm. Considering the issue of a disabled body in the light of rehabilitation and sport, the author would like to present how it is possible to think, and therefore write about the body in terms that refer not only to the opposition between that which is physical - spiritual. Merleau-Ponty's philosophy of the body is an attempt to overcome this opposition. Let us use Phenomenology of Perception hoping that its deep thoughts will pave the way to our new concept of the body and will help us to see it from a new perspective.
EN
Movement studies are - like health studies - placed between natural sciences and cultural studies as well as between quantitative and qualitative methods. That is why they are challenged by some methodological contradictions. Yet the dual relations between nature and culture, and between quantitative and qualitative methods, may be of superficial character. Deeper beneath, one finds tensions with theoretical implications: between the quest for evidence and the comparative method, between generalization and case study, between explanation and understanding, between the correctness of the answer and the quality of the question, between affirmative and fluent knowledge, between factors and connections, between data and patterns, between the state of research and historical change of knowledge, between objectivity and subjectivity, and between theory and philosophy. There seems to be something akin to cultural struggle in the field of knowledge. Yet the dual contradictions do not comprise two neatly separated “cultures of knowledge” that exclude each other. There are cross-disciplinary connections and overlaps, which help toward an understanding of human life.
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