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COMPENSATION CAPACITIES OF THE BRAIN IN UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL AUDITORY SYSTEM DAMAGE IN CHILDREN

100%
Gwizda G., Marciniak A., Mielnik-Niedzielska G., Niedzielski A.
Acta Neuropsychologica
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2021
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vol. 19(1)
23-32
EN
Neuroplasticity is a basic feature of neuronal system which provides function rebuilt or developmental dysfunction repair. Hearing impairment can have an impact on intelligence levels, organization and structure of cognitive processes. Cognitive capacities profiles of deaf people present neuropsychological results of functional reorganization of brain. 208 children were accepted for this study. Experimental group con- sisted of 126 children suffering from sensorineural hearing insufficiency. 26 children were diagnosed with right-sided hearing loss, 34 children were diagnosed with left-sided hearing loss and 66 children were diagnosed with bilateral hearing loss. Control group consisted of 82 normally hearing children, confirmed in audiometric assessment. In order to establish levels of cognitive abilities and intelligence in patients enrolled for the study polish adaptation of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) was administered. Children with bilateral hearing loss obtained worse results in verbal scale compared to well hearing controls. Verbal intelligence in control group was statistically higher than in right-sided auditory dysfunction group. Control group average result in nonverbal scale was statistically significantly higher compared to left-sided hearing loss patients. Children with right-sided auditory dysfunction obtained higher results in nonverbal scale compared to children with left-sided auditory dysfunc- tion. Left-sided hearing impairment group had higher scores in almost all subtests of verbal scale than right-sided hearing impairment group. Left-sided auditory disability enhances linguistic capacity, which indicates compensation abilities of left hemisphere responsible for verbal processes. Right-sided auditory disability enhances analytic processes, visual synthesis and image reasoning, which indicates compensation abilities of right hemisphere responsible for nonverbal processes. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Mental imagery practice as a therapy for naming impairments: a preliminary study

100%
Bhatnagar S., Patek B., Khan-Ansari Y., Bansal N., Buckingham H., Hacein-Bey L.
Acta Neuropsychologica
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2019
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vol. 17(3)
311-327
EN
Anomia remains one of the most recalcitrant linguistic disruptions in aphasia to treat. Developing successful interventions to address the word-finding deficits are complicated by the post-stroke symptom variability and inconsistent recovery patterns associated with anomia. Most of the current treatment methods, with a focus on specific compensating techniques and the repetitive practice of a limited set of items, have had variable success in naming treatment. However, it has not been possible to predict the gains in generalizing the learning beyond the stimuli used in practice or the controlled clinical setting. In this preliminary case study, we explore the value of a novel treatment concept, grounded in centuries of cognitive-perceptual exercises in mindfulness training. It incorporates the practice of mental imagery and focused attention to remedy the broken phonological assembly patterns found in word finding deficits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of practicing the repeated activation of mental imagery of concrete objects as a therapeutic tool for repairing disorders of lexical retrieval in a subject with chronic moderate to severe word-finding deficits. This trial treatment was used to assist a right-handed, 68-year old educated male with a two-and-a-half years post-onset chronic severe aphasia (anomic type) secondary to a left hemispheric infarct. Two five-week long training protocols involving common (typical) and uncommon (less typical) categories of pictured objects were used for treating anomia. The first trial involved the blocked presentation of stimuli; the second trial, undertaken a year after, included a random presentation of stimuli. It was found that the impact was manifested in three ways: (1) an improved verbal naming of the treated objects; (2) retention of therapeutic gains by a successful generalization to untreated similar lexical items; and (3) importantly, serendipitous gains in the ability to concurrently write the names of the pictured objects. The post-treatment data on all blocked lexical trials, and some random lexical trials, were found to be significant on the Fisher’s exact test. The use of the visual mental imagery-based therapy had a positive impact on the partial restoration of the subject’s naming.
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THE POSSIBILITY OF LINKING SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED NEUROCOGNITIVE PLASTICITY: CAN COGNITIVE TRAINING INFLUENCE COMPENSATORY BRAIN ACTIVITY IN OLDER ADULTS? THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL PREMISES

100%
Zając-Lamparska L.
Acta Neuropsychologica
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2020
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vol. 18(4)
507-523
EN
One of the most important determinants of successful aging is cognitive ability. Although cognitive decline is a well-documented phenomenon characteristic of aging, it is acknowledged that aging can also be related to cognitive neuroplasticity that allows one to compensate the decline and adapt to it. Cognitive neuroplasticity may be spontaneous or induced by external influences. An example of the former is compensatory brain activity in older adults, and the latter – improvement in cognitive functioning under the influence of cognitive training. Both the compensatory brain activity of older adults and the effectiveness of cognitive training in this age group have already been extensively studied. However, it has not yet been examined whether they can be linked. The article indicates theoretical and empirical premises for the possibility of influencing compensatory brain activity in older adults by cognitive training. In the most comprehensive way the phenomenon of compensatory brain activity in older adults is addressed by the STAC model – the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition, which also provides the theoretical grounds for the possible impact of cognitive training on compensatory brain activity. There are also empirical arguments in favour of such an impact, but they are quite limited in nature. The reason for this is the lack of research directly addressing the problem of the consistency of brain activity changes resulting from cognitive training with the assumptions of compensatory brain activity models, such as STAC. The theoretical grounds for the linkage of compensatory brain activity in older adults with the influence of cognitive training are clear. However, the analysis of the studies discussed in the article suggests that failing to embed the study design within the theoretical framework of compensatory brain activity in older adults may lead to the exclusion of factors important in drawing conclusions about this phenomenon. The following elements of the study design were identified as necessary to include: participation of young adults in the study as a reference group, usage of tasks in different difficulty levels during the measurement of brain activity and consideration of the relation between brain activity and cognitive performance, and comparison of brain activity in relation to cognitive performance before and after training in both, older and young adults.
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Current views on neuroplasticity: what is new and what is old?

88%
Kaczmarek B. L. J.
Acta Neuropsychologica
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2020
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vol. 18(1)
1-14
EN
The main aim of the paper is to show that many previously forgotten discoveries within the field of neuroscience own their rediscovery and renaissance to the refinement of tools provided by the technological advances. Most spectacular is the advancement of brain imaging techniques, which provide hard data that support for evidence for previously neglected presumptions and ideas. Neuroplasticity is an example of such a long ignored historical discovery. One reason for that neglect is that it stood in contradiction to beliefs and theories prevailing at the first half of the twenties century. The idea of neuronal plasticity is not disputed any longer since it has found confirmation not only in a dramatic development of neuroimaging but also in the advancement of neurobiology. Most authors concentrate upon neuronal plasticity, recent studies, however, have produced a wealth of information regarding neurogenesis, in which astrocytes have proved to play a significant role. The significance of adult neurogenesis for learning and memory and for treatment of depression is outlined. Moreover, it was observed that neuroplasticity benefits patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who undergo effective, evidence-based treatment. Convincing examples of brain plasticity brings also clinical practice, which often unveils the appearance of hitherto hidden artistic abilities in people who have suffered from brain damage. In addition, the possibilities of altering the brain functions by mental force alone are discussed. Thus, the paper reveals that many “controversial” ideas were confirmed by contemporary studies forcing changes in a traditional view on brain works.
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Plastyczność dorosłej kory mózgowej

63%
Rymarczyk K., Makowska I., Pałka-Szafraniec K.
Aktualności Neurologiczne
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2015
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vol. 15
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issue 2
80-87
EN
The human brain is characterized by high plasticity, a feature well-illustrated by many examples described in medical literature. Over the last decades, there has been a significant increase in our knowledge concerning the above, made possible by the appearance of new diagnostic tools, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, or molecular biology. These methods allow to follow the changes taking place at various levels, including behaviour, anatomy, physiology, and especially at the cellular and subcellular level. Some studies confirm the important role of neuroplasticity, not only in childhood, when the potential is the greatest, and the central nervous system is still developing, but also at later stages of human life. It has now been established that the brain remains plastic at any age, also senile. Understanding the role of brain plasticity in the pathogenesis of diseases has the potential to develop new therapeutic techniques. Based on the latest scientific reports, it can be concluded that neuroplasticity is increasingly becoming the target of novel therapeutic techniques, which make use of the brain’s natural ability to regenerate or compensate lost function. An example would be the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurorehabilitation of patients with structural brain damage, e.g. after stroke, or the targeted use of pharmacotherapy in selected mental illnesses. The purpose of this review is to present the available results of the research on the basic characteristics of brain plasticity, also in adulthood, and the potential influence of drugs on neuroplasticity
PL
Ludzki mózg cechuje się znaczną plastycznością, co doskonale obrazują przykłady opisywane w literaturze fachowej. W ostatnich kilkudziesięciu latach doszło do istotnego poszerzenia wiedzy na temat mechanizmów plastyczności mózgowej – było to możliwe dzięki pojawieniu się nowych narzędzi badawczych, w tym technik obrazowania mózgu i metod biologii molekularnej. Pozwalają one na śledzenie zmian zachodzących na różnych poziomach, m.in. zachowania, anatomii i fizjologii, a także na poziomie komórkowym. Część badań potwierdza ważną rolę neuroplastyczności nie tylko w dzieciństwie, kiedy ośrodkowy układ nerwowy wykazuje największy potencjał plastyczny, lecz także w późniejszych okresach życia. Ludzki mózg pozostaje plastyczny w każdym wieku, nawet podeszłym. Poznanie mechanizmów plastyczności pozwala na opracowanie nowych technik terapeutycznych. Kierunki najnowszych badań naukowych nad neuroplastycznością wskazują na potencjał wykorzystania nowoczesnych technik terapeutycznych w celu wspierania naturalnych zdolności regeneracyjnych czy kompensacyjnych mózgu. Przykładem może być wykorzystanie przezczaszkowej stymulacji magnetycznej (transcranial magnetic stimulation) w rehabilitacji pacjentów z uszkodzeniami ośrodkowego układu nerwowego bądź też celowane stosowanie farmakoterapii w wybranych chorobach psychicznych. W niniejszej pracy poglądowej przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia związane z mechanizmami plastyczności mózgowej, plastycznością w okresie dorosłości i zmianami plastycznymi w przebiegu farmakoterapii.
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Zastosowanie programów komputerowych w rehabilitacji neuropsychologicznej dysfunkcji poznawczych u pacjentów ze stwardnieniem rozsianym

63%
Tyburski E., Mak M., Korwin-Piotrowska K., Potemkowski A., Stencelewicz E.
Aktualności Neurologiczne
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2013
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vol. 13
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issue 2
136-144
EN
In the clinical picture of sclerosis multiplex (SM) the neurological functioning of patients is affected, besides the neurological symptoms, by neuropsychological symptoms, which include emotional disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, and personality factors. Memory, attention or executive functions disturbances affect reduction of adaptability, which play a key role in the quality of life of patients. Prevalence studies using large, community and clinical samples indicate that roughly 45–60% of patients with SM are cognitively impaired. Cognitive disorders with mobility disabilities may hinder daily functioning, often they become obstacle to take life tasks, so there is a need to develop new and effective rehabilitation programs for this group of patients. Neuropsychological rehabilitation of patients with SM is covered by the various types of impacts, especially reduction of cognitive deficits as much as possible. There is increasingly use of computer programs to cognitive trainings in neuropsychologist work. The basis for this type of impact is evidence of neuroplastic changes in people with SM. The greatest therapeutic effects are achieved through the cooperation of an interdisciplinary team, including neurologist, psychiatrist, neuropsychologist and physiotherapist. Obtaining such assistance by patients with SM still remains difficult in Poland. An example illustrating the effective usage of neuropsychological rehabilitation with the help of computer programs is a case study of a patient with SM.
PL
W obrazie klinicznym stwardnienia rozsianego (łac. sclerosis multiplex, SM) na funkcjonowanie chorych wpływają – poza objawami neurologicznymi – współwystępujące objawy neuropsychologiczne, do których zalicza się zaburzenia emocjonalne i dysfunkcje poznawcze oraz czynniki osobowościowe. Dysfunkcje w sferze procesów uwagi, funkcji wykonawczych czy pamięci mają wpływ na zmniejszenie zdolności adaptacyjnych, które są kluczowe dla jakości życia chorych. W badaniach dużych grup klinicznych udowodniono obecność dysfunkcji poznawczych u 40–65% pacjentów. Najczęściej na SM zapadają osoby młode, u których dysfunkcje ruchowe i zaburzenia poznawcze mogą utrudniać codzienne funkcjonowanie, a często też stają się przeszkodą w podejmowaniu zadań życiowych. Dlatego też istnieje potrzeba opracowania nowych i skutecznych programów rehabilitacyjnych dla tej grupy chorych. Rehabilitacja neuropsychologiczna pacjentów z SM obejmuje różnego rodzaju oddziaływania, których celem jest leczenie dysfunkcji poznawczych. W pracy neuropsychologa coraz częściej jako narzędzie terapeutyczne wykorzystuje się programy komputerowe służące do treningów poznawczych. Podstawą dla tego typu oddziaływań są dowody świadczące o zmianach neuroplastycznych u osób ze stwardnieniem rozsianym. Największe efekty terapeutyczne osiąga się jednak dzięki współpracy zespołu interdyscyplinarnego, w którego skład powinni wchodzić neurolog, psychiatra, neuropsycholog oraz rehabilitant. W Polsce uzyskanie takiej pomocy przez pacjentów z SM jest nadal bardzo trudne. Przykładem obrazującym skuteczne zastosowanie rehabilitacji neuropsychologicznej za pomocą programów komputerowych jest studium przypadku chorego ze stwardnieniem rozsianym.
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Objawy autyzmu, zespołu nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi oraz innych zaburzeń neurorozwojowych jako przejaw zaburzonej neuroplastyczności

63%
Kądziela-Olech H.
Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna
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2014
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vol. 14
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issue 2
112-115
EN
The neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by behavioural disorganization, cognitive dysfunction and deficits of social communications which are present from early childhood. They consist, according to the DSM-V (2013) classification, of the intellectual disabilities, the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), specific learning disorder, motor disorders, stereotypic movement disorder, and communication disorders. Symptoms of this disorders are present from the beginning of development, and frequently many of them with varying intensity occur together and their clinical picture may change with increasing age. Despite intensive research, brain mechanisms that underlie cognitive and behavioural deficits remain unclear. According to modern concepts, the plasticity is the property of the nervous system which is responsible for the processes of learning, memory, self-regulation and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Dynamic processes associated with remodelling of neuronal connectivity in the developing brain are the result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Recent decades have brought a lot of evidence pointing to a part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process of synaptic plasticity of the nervous system. Bidirectional nature of synaptic plasticity involves maturation and elimination of synaptic connections. The proteolysis of extracellular matrix during early development of the nervous system appears to play a key role in the proliferation, migration and differentiation of nerve cells and the formation of neural networks. Hypothetically distorted activity of ECM proteases may interfere structure and function of the neural network and create of symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders.
PL
Zaburzenia obejmujące różny stopień behawioralnej dezorganizacji, nieprawidłowy rozwój funkcji poznawczych oraz deficyty w zakresie funkcjonowania społecznego zostały ujęte w klasyfikacji DSM-V (2013) jako grupa zaburzeń neurorozwojowych, w obrębie której znajdują się m.in. takie kategorie nozologiczne, jak upośledzenie umysłowe, zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu, zespół nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi, specyficzne zaburzenia uczenia się, zaburzenia motoryczne oraz zaburzenia komunikacji. Objawy występują od początku okresu rozwojowego, często z różnym nasileniem, współistnieją ze sobą, a ich obraz kliniczny wraz z wiekiem może ulegać zmianom. Mimo intensywnych badań procesy i mechanizmy mózgowe, które leżą u podstaw deficytów poznawczych i behawioralnych, pozostają nadal niejasne. W ostatnich dekadach wskazuje się na możliwy udział zaburzonej neuroplastyczności w powstawaniu objawów zaburzeń neurorozwojowych. Według współczesnych koncepcji plastyczność jest tą właściwością układu nerwowego, która odpowiada za procesy uczenia się, zapamiętywania, samoregulacji oraz adaptacji do zmieniających się warunków środowiska. W rozwijającym się mózgu dynamiczne procesy związane z przebudową łączności neuronalnej są wynikiem wzajemnego oddziaływania czynników genetycznych i środowiskowych. Ostatnie dekady przyniosły wiele dowodów wskazujących na udział macierzy zewnątrzkomórkowej w procesach plastyczności synaptycznej układu nerwowego. Dwukierunkowy charakter plastyczności synaptycznej obejmuje dojrzewanie i eliminację połączeń synaptycznych. Proteoliza macierzy zewnątrzkomórkowej podczas wczesnego okresu rozwoju układu nerwowego wydaje się odgrywać kluczową rolę w proliferacji, migracji i różnicowaniu komórek nerwowych oraz tworzeniu sieci neuronalnych. Nieprawidłowa aktywność proteaz w obrębie macierzy zewnątrzkomórkowej hipotetycznie może zaburzać strukturę i funkcję sieci neuronalnych, prowadząc do ujawniania się dysfunkcji poznawczych i behawioralnych w zaburzeniach neurorozwojowych.
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