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Detection of Prorocentrum shikokuense in the Mediterranean Sea and evidence that P. dentatum, P. obtusidens and P. shikokuense are three different species (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae)

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Gómez F., Zhang H., Roselli L., Lin S.

Acta Protozoologica

2021

vol. 60

47-59

A dinoflagellate identified as Prorocentrum dentatum, P. shikokuense or P. donghaiense is responsible of massive harmful events. Blooms of a species identified as P. shikokuense have been recently reported in the Mediterranean Sea, and an exotic origin, tentatively introduced by ballast waters from Asia, has been hypothesized. The molecular data based on the small-, large subunit, and internal transcriber spacers ribosomal RNA gene (SSU-, LSU-, ITS rRNA) sequences confirmed P. shikokuense in the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean ribotype is identical to a subtropical North Atlantic ribotype, and with slight divergence from the numerous sequences from the Pacific Ocean. To revisit the relationship between P. shikokuense (=P. donghaiense) and P. obtusidens, we provide the first micrographs of P. dentatum and P. obtusidens, the latter collected from the type locality. Our observations indicate that P. dentatum, P. obtusidens, and P. shikokuense are three different species. Their diagnostic morphological characters are: Prorocentrum dentatum is 44–60 μm long, leaf-shaped, pointed and central posterior end, conspicuous anterior shoulder; P. obtusidens is 33–41 μm long, irregular parallelepiped, almost paralel valve margins, eccentric and pointed posterior end, moderate anterior shoulder; and P. shikokuense is <25 μm long, sunflower seed-shaped, round and centric posterior end, inconspicuous anterior shoulder.

Phylogeny and Synonymy of Gyrodinium heterostriatum comb. nov. (Dinophyceae), a Common Unarmored Dinoflagellate in the World Oceans

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Gómez F., Artigas L. F., Gast R. J.

Acta Protozoologica

2020

vol. 59

issue 2

77-98

The North Sea and the English Channel are regions with a long tradition of plankton studies, where the colony-forming haptophyte Phaeocystis globosa dominates the spring phytoplankton blooms. Among its predators, we investigated an abundant unarmored dinoflagellate (~3000 cells per liter) in the North Sea in May 2019. It has been reported in the literature as Gymnodinium heterostriatum or G. striatissimum, and often identified as Gyrodinium spirale. Phylogenetic analyses using the small-, large subunit- and Internal Transcriber Spacers of the ribosomal RNA (SSU-, LSU-, ITS rRNA) gene sequences indicate that our isolates clustered within the Gyrodinium clade. The new sequences formed a sister group with sequences of the freshwater taxon Gyrodinium helveticum, being one of the infrequent marine-freshwater transitions in the microbial world. This isolate is the first characterized member of a clade of numerous environmental sequences widely distributed from cold to tropical seas. This common and abundant taxon has received several names due to its morphological plasticity (changes of size and shape, often deformed after engulfing prey) and the difficulty in discerning surface striation. We conclude that the priority is for the species name Gymnodinium heterostriatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921, a new name that was proposed for Gymnodinium spirale var. obtusum sensu Dogiel 1906. The species Gyrodinium striatissimum (Hulburt 1957) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 and Gymnodinium lucidum D. Ballantine in Parke & Dixon 1964 (=G. hyalinum M. Lebour 1925) are posterior synonyms. We propose Gyrodinium heterostriatum comb. nov. for Gymnodinium heterostriatum.

Photosynthetic performance in Antarctic lichens with different growth forms reflect the diversity of lichenized algal adaptation to microhabitats

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Cao S., Zhang J., Zheng H., Liu C., Zhou Q.

Polish Polar Research

2015

issue 2

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Search results

Detection of Prorocentrum shikokuense in the Mediterranean Sea and evidence that P. dentatum, P. obtusidens and P. shikokuense are three different species (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae)

Phylogeny and Synonymy of Gyrodinium heterostriatum comb. nov. (Dinophyceae), a Common Unarmored Dinoflagellate in the World Oceans

Photosynthetic performance in Antarctic lichens with different growth forms reflect the diversity of lichenized algal adaptation to microhabitats