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Open Physics
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2014
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vol. 12
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issue 8
541-553
EN
The residual symmetries of the famous modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation are researched in this paper. The initial problem on the residual symmetry of the mKdV equation is researched. The residual symmetries for the mKdV equation are proved to be nonlocal and the nonlocal residual symmetries are extended to the local Lie point symmetries by means of enlarging the mKdV equations. One-parameter invariant subgroups and the invariant solutions for the extended system are listed. Eight types of similarity solutions and the reduction equations are demonstrated. It is noted that we researched the twofold residual symmetries by means of taking the mKdV equation as an example. Similarity solutions and the reduction equations are demonstrated for the extended mKdV equations related to the twofold residual symmetries.
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vol. 6
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issue 1
26-32
EN
We investigate the Bloch and dipole oscillations of a Bose Einstein condensate (BEC) in an optical superlattice. We show that, as the effective mass increases in an optical superlattice, the BEC is localized in accordance with recent experimental observations [J.E. Lye et. al. Phys. Rev. A 75, 061603 (2007)]. In addition, we find that the secondary optical lattice is a useful additional tool to manipulate the dynamics of the atoms.
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2015
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vol. 15
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issue 62
318-325
EN
Unaltered fat is a permanent component of the abdominal cavity, even in slim individuals. Visceral adiposity is one of the important factors contributing to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and certain neoplasms. Moreover, the adipose tissue is an important endocrine and immune organ of complex function both when normal and pathological. Its role in plastic surgery, reconstruction and transplantology is a separate issue. The adipose tissue has recently drawn the attention of research institutes owing to being a rich source of stem cells. This review, however, does not include these issues. The identification of fat is relatively easy using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. It can be more difficult in an ultrasound examination for several reasons. The aim of this paper is to present various problems associated with US imaging of unaltered intra-abdominal fat located beyond organs. Based on the literature and experience, it has been demonstrated that the adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity has variable echogenicity, which primarily depends on the amount of extracellular fluid and the number of connective tissue septa, i.e. elements that potentiate the number of areas that reflect and scatter ultrasonic waves. The normal adipose tissue presents itself on a broad gray scale: from a hyperechoic area, through numerous structures of lower reflection intensity, to nearly anechoic regions mimicking the presence of pathological fluid collections. The features that facilitate proper identification of this tissue are: sharp margins, homogeneous structure, high compressibility under transducer pressure, no signs of infiltration of the surrounding structures and no signs of vascularization when examined with the color and power Doppler. The accumulation of fat tissue in the abdominal cavity can be generalized, regional or focal. The identification of the adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity using ultrasonography is not always easy. When in doubt, the diagnostic process should be extended to include computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, or sometimes biopsy (preferably the core-needle one).
PL
Niezmieniony tłuszcz to stały składnik jamy brzusznej nawet u osób szczupłych. Otłuszczenie trzewne zaś jest jednym z ważnych czynników patogenicznych cukrzycy, chorób serca i naczyń oraz niektórych nowotworów. Ponadto tkanka tłuszczowa ma istotne znaczenie jako narząd endokrynno-immunologiczny o złożonej funkcji w normie i patologii. Odrębnym zagadnieniem związanym z tą strukturą jest jej przydatność w chirurgii plastycznej, rekonstrukcyjnej i transplantacyjnej. Ostatnio skupia ona uwagę ośrodków badawczych jako bogate źródło komórek macierzystych. W tym opracowaniu jednak te zagadnienia zostaną pominięte. Identyfikacja tłuszczu jest stosunkowo łatwa za pomocą tomografii komputerowej i rezonansu magnetycznego, natomiast ultrasonograficznie niekiedy bywa trudna z kilku powodów. Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie różnorodnych problemów związanych z diagnostyką USG niezmienionego tłuszczu w jamie brzusznej położonego pozanarządowo. Na podstawie piśmiennictwa i własnego doświadczenia wykazano, że tkanka tłuszczowa w jamie brzusznej ma wielce zróżnicowaną echogeniczność, co przede wszystkim zależy od ilości zgromadzonej pozakomórkowo wody oraz mnogości łącznotkankowych przegród międzyzrazikowych, składników, które potęgują liczbę ośrodków odbijających i rozpraszających falę ultradźwiękową. Obraz prawidłowego tłuszczu mieści się zatem w szerokim zakresie skali szarości, od zmiany hiperechogenicznej, przez liczne o niższym natężeniu odbić, aż do struktur prawie bezechowych pozorujących obecność patologicznych zbiorników płynu. Cechami ułatwiającymi prawidłowe określenie tej tkanki są: ostre granice, jednorodna struktura, duża kompresyjność pod wpływem ucisku głowicą, brak naciekania otoczenia i brak unaczynienia w badaniu dopplerem kolorowym i dopplerem mocy. Akumulacja tkanki tłuszczowej w jamie brzusznej może mieć charakter uogólniony, regionalny lub ogniskowy. Ultrasonograficzne rozpoznanie obecności tkanki tłuszczowej wewnątrz jamy brzusznej nie zawsze jest proste, dlatego przy istniejących wątpliwościach należy rozszerzyć diagnostykę o tomografię komputerową lub rezonans magnetyczny, a niekiedy wykonać biopsję, najlepiej gruboigłową.
10
63%
EN
The development of the worldwide market has motivated long-ranging consequences, not only at the level of growing economic interdependencies, but also in the globalization of cultures and lifestyles. At any of these dimensions, sport plays a role and contributes in its own particular way to globalization. Transnational organizations, worldwide events, transnational communities and transnational structures organised around the central theme of Sport provide good evidence of that phenomenon. However, the way these dimensions interrelate at a time of unorganised capitalism is based on disjuncture. Following this thesis, Appadurai (1996) has proposed an elementary scheme for the analysis of the disjuncture between the several dimensions of globalization, suggesting the notion of landscapes to underline the fluid and irregular shape of the capital flow, pertaining to both communications and lifestyles. By emphasising that globalization is intensively perceived according to, and influenced by the historical, linguistic and political contexts of the intervening players, the author deliberately focuses on the imagined worlds that help us construct those landscapes. In this paper, we will retrieve some of those theoretical leads and analyse three types of landscape in the leisure and sports contexts, in an attempt to demonstrate how their interrelation is one of disjuncture, where some dimensions promote sports homogenization while others push towards increasing differentiation. We will analyse the mediascapes (Sport as global spectacle), the technoscapes (the role of the new media and velocity in the creation of decontextualised global cognitive maps), and the ideoscapes (the role of images and the aesthetisation of the leisure sports experiences)
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