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It is extremely difficult to provide non-compressible torso hemorrhage control particularly in trauma setting. A vast majority of cases present inability of successful exsanguination arrest, leading to cardiovascular collapse, myocardial and cerebral hypoperfusion and death eventually. The only possible treatment for these patients is prompt bleeding control, either open or endovascular. Aortic occlusion seems to be the most rapid and convenient way to restrain blood loss and possibly increase survival. However, it is not proven yet. Traditional aortic occlusion for trauma consisted of supradiaphragmatic thoracic aorta cross-clamping through resuscitative thoracotomy (RT). This complicated and devastating procedure triggered the necessity to work on a simpler, less invasive resuscitation bridge which can be implemented in emergency departments or even in prehospital setting. Resuscitative balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) provides a novel method of hemorrhagic shock stabilization in bleeding below the diaphragm. The mechanism lies in improving myocardial and cerebral perfusion and ceasing major bleeding itself. This method together with invasive endovascular and surgical procedures creates a new approach of choice for trauma patients. It is called Endovascular Hybrid Trauma and Resuscitation Management (EVTM) and introduces this concept to modern clinical practice. Through a detailed review, this article aims to introduce REBOA procedure to a broader recipient and present REBOA details, benefits and limitations.
EN
The aim of the study. An ideal hemostatic dressing that would control bleeding and protect the wound from further contamination is still being sought for combat casualty care. The new SilverLeaf™ (SL) bandage was made of material containing active hemostatic property and possible antimicrobial property from silver coating. This study was conducted to compare and ascertain the hemostatic properties of SL and compare it with known hemostatic dressings: Combat Gauze® (CG) and WoundStat™ (WS) in a swine model with punch, vascular injury.Material and methods. Three hemostatic dressings were evaluated in anesthetized Yorkshire swine hemorrhaged for 45 sec in a femoral arterial puncture model. The hemostatic dressings SL, CG, or WS were applied on an actively bleeding wound, followed by 5 minutes of compression at 200 mm Hg. The pressure was then released to baseline and skin closed with towel clamps. After 15 minutes, 500 ml of (Hextend) resuscitation fluid infused over a period of 30 minutes. The animal's vital signs were monitored for the 3-hour experiment period. Primary outcomes documented were incidence of bleeding after application of the dressing, restoration of MAP and rate of survival.Results. The pre-treatment blood loss for WS was 375.66 ml (16.49%), SL 282.08 ml (12.15%) and CG 307.24 ml (12.68%) and was comparable between groups (p>0.56). The post-treatment blood loss for WS was 286.05 ml (10.65%), SL 386.81 ml (16.92%), and CG 525.76 ml (21.52%). There was no significant difference in post-treatment blood loss (p>0.37) between groups. The Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) did not significantly differ between the groups at all time points compared. The SL and CG had comparable MAPS during the first hour. The SL had a slight advantage, but didn't reach statistical significance. This suggests that all the bandages were comparable. The two time points at which the post-treatment bleeding occurred in the three groups after the release of manual compression and after restoration of blood pressure. The post-treatment re-bleeding rates were 22.22% (2/9) for WS and SL, 44.44% (4/9) for CG. The survival rates were 100% for WS, 88.89% for SL, and 77.78% for CG.Conclusion. The findings indicate that SilverLeaf, WoundStat and Combat Gauze were comparable in controlling bleeding, preventing re-bleeding, maintenance of mean arterial pressure and improving survival following treatment.
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