Intra-population variation of 18 cultivated carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus) populations of diverse origins was evaluated using codominant microsatellite (SSR) markers. Using 27 genomic and EST-derived SSR markers, 253 alleles were identified with a mean 9.4 alleles per marker. Most of the alleles (60.5%) were rare i.e., with the frequency ≤ 0.05 while only 3.95% of alleles occurred with frequency > 0.6. EST-derived SSR markers were less polymorphic than genomic SSR markers. Differences in allele occurrence allowed 16 out of 18 populations to be assigned to either the Western or Asian carrot gene pools with high probability. Populations could be also discriminated due to the presence of private alleles (25.3% of all alleles). Most populations had excess of alleles in the homozygous state indicating their inbreeding, although heterozygous loci were common in F1 hybrids. Genetic diversity was due to allelic variation among plants within populations (62% of total variation) and between populations (38%). Accessions originating from continental Asia and Europe had more allelic variants and higher diversity than those from Japan and USA. Also, allelic richness and variability in landraces was higher than in F1 hybrids and open-pollinated cultivars.
The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of genetic polymorphism of kappa-casein on milk production in Holstein cattle. Two hundred and ten Holstein cows were used in this study. We established genotype structure of cattle population and calculated allelic frequencies based on PCR-RFLP analyses. The three genotypes: AA (69.52%), AB (27.62%), and BB (2.86%) were detected. Frequency of allele A was 83.33%, and of allele B 16.67%. The Holstein cattle kept in Slovak Republic exhibit a high value of homozygosity (0.7222) and low values of polymorphism information content (0.2392), effective number of alleles (1.3847) and level of possible variability realization (27.91%). The effect of polymorphism of CSN3 gene on average breeding values for milk production traits, such as yield of milk, fat and protein expressed in kilograms, as well as percentage content of fat and protein in milk, has been assessed. In our assessment of the observed traits' variability's dependence on CSN3 gene polymorphism, we detected a statistically significant difference between genotypes only in case of the average breeding value for the percentage of protein in milk.
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