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Trends in the gameplay of European football players

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Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of footballers who participated in the 2008 and 2012 European Championships. The study was conducted by analysis of basic technical and tactical game. Material/Methods: The observation method in the form of a kinematic game analysis system was used to collect necessary data. The research material was based on analysis of 304 players participating in the 2008 European Championships and 277 players in the 2012 European Championships, with each tournament consisting of 31 matches. Statistica software was used to apply the Student’s t-test for the independent groups. Results: Higher values of indicators determining player’s efficiency were found in the teams participating in the 2012 tournament; significant differences were found in the total number (p = 0.048) and accuracy (p = 0.034) of shots taken by the most successful teams, in the number (p = 0.044), efficiency (p = 0.002) and accuracy (p < 0.001) of passes as well as in the length of distance covered (p < 0.001). Conclusions: A systematic increase in the efficiency of passes in subsequent tournaments points to an upward trend of this element in the game. An increase was also noted in the number of shots taken, which was accompanied by a decrease in shot accuracy. Modern football has become a fast team game with lots of passes of high reliability. Thus, training of young players should be focused on the development of playing techniques and motor skills
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The purpose of this study was to determine ice-hockey players’ playing intensity based on their heart rates (HRs) recorded during a game and on the outcomes of an incremental maximum oxygen uptake test. Twenty ice-hockey players, members of the Polish junior national team (U18), performed an incremental test to assess their maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ O2max) in the two week’s period preceding 5 games they played at the World Championships. Players’ HRs at the first and second ventilatory thresholds obtained during the test were utilized to determine intensity zones (low, moderate, and high) that were subsequently used to classify HR values recorded during each of the games. For individual intensity zones, the following HRs expressed as mean values and as percentages of the maximal heart rate (HRmax) were obtained: forwards 148-158 b⋅min-1 (79.5-84.8% HRmax), 159-178 b⋅min-1 (85.4-95.6% HRmax), 179-186 b⋅min-1 (96.1-100.0% HRmax); defensemen 149-153 b⋅min-1 (80.0-82.1% HRmax), 154-175 b⋅min-1 (82.6- 94.0% HRmax), 176-186 b⋅min-1 (94.5-100.0% HRmax). The amount of time the forwards and defensemen spent in the three intensity zones expressed as percentages of the total time of the game were: 54.91 vs. 55.62% (low), 26.40 vs. 22.38% (moderate) and 18.68 vs. 22.00% (high). The forwards spent more time in the low intensity zone than the defensemen, however, the difference was not statistically significant. The results of the study indicate that using aerobic and anaerobic metabolism variables to determine intensity zones can significantly improve the reliability of evaluation of the physiological demands of the game, and can be a useful tool for coaches in managing the training process.
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Using Network Metrics in Soccer: A Macro-Analysis

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The aim of this study was to propose a set of network methods to measure the specific properties of a team. These metrics were organised at macro-analysis levels. The interactions between teammates were collected and then processed following the analysis levels herein announced. Overall, 577 offensive plays were analysed from five matches. The network density showed an ambiguous relationship among the team, mainly during the 2nd half. The mean values of density for all matches were 0.48 in the 1st half, 0.32 in the 2nd half and 0.34 for the whole match. The heterogeneity coefficient for the overall matches rounded to 0.47 and it was also observed that this increased in all matches in the 2nd half. The centralisation values showed that there was no ‘star topology’. The results suggest that each node (i.e., each player) had nearly the same connectivity, mainly in the 1st half. Nevertheless, the values increased in the 2nd half, showing a decreasing participation of all players at the same level. Briefly, these metrics showed that it is possible to identify how players connect with each other and the kind and strength of the connections between them. In summary, it may be concluded that network metrics can be a powerful tool to help coaches understand team’s specific properties and support decision-making to improve the sports training process based on match analysis.
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Technical Errors And The Venue Of The Match In Handball

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vol. 22
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issue 1
25-29
EN
Introduction. In sports success depends on how well the players are prepared for the match in terms of their technical, tactical and motor skills, as well as their mental attitude. The training process is focused on improving the players' capabilities and eliminating their errors. The aim of the study was to describe the errors made in handball matches taking into account their timing and quantity. Material and methods. The material consisted of recordings of 50 matches of men's handball held in the EHF Champions League in 2012-2013. The study included 8 teams that took part in the tournament. The following matches were analysed for each team: 4 matches in the knockout stage (2 played at home and 2 away) and 4 in the group stage (2 at home and 2 away). The errors were determined based on EHF regulations. Results. A difference was found between the errors committed in matches at home and away in the knockout stage. The most errors (35) in this stage of the tournament were made between the 25th and 30th minute, and the fewest (18) between the 30th and 35th minute, in both cases in matches played at home. In the group stage the most errors (36) were made between the 40th and 45th minute away, and the fewest (15) between the 10th and 15th minute at home. In the knockout stage the four teams made a total of 632 errors, including 71 errors made by the winner of the tournament, who committed the smallest number of errors. The smallest number of errors (53) in the group stage were made by HC Metalurg Skopje. Conclusions. The number of errors made did not have a direct influence on a team's position in the tournament, but the winner made the least errors in the knockout stage. The differences between the numbers of errors made in the knockout stage may indicate that the players were more comfortable when playing at home. The support of fans may be one of the factors which contribute to the fact that players commit fewer errors in this stage of the tournament. The rise in the number of errors made towards the end of the match, on the other hand, is most likely due to an increased level of physical and emotional fatigue, particularly considering the risk of being eliminated from the tournament.
Human Movement
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 2
147-151
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Purpose. This study aimed at determining: (a) whether the effect of modifying ball mass allowed youth basketball players to attempt a greater number of lay-ups and hook shots during real games, and (b) whether the modification affected successful shots. Methods. Fifty-four boys from six basketball teams, aged between 10-11 years, participated in the study. The independent variable was ball mass and the dependent variable was the attempted and successful type of shots (set and jump shot, lay-ups, and hook shot). We established three situations in which four games were played with each of the following balls: (a) a regulation ball, (b) a ball of smaller mass (440 g), and (c) a ball of greater mass (540 g). Four observers were trained (intra- and inter-observer reliability > 0.96). Four observers recorded the data utilizing a systematized register from observation of the game videos. Results. A higher percentage of lay-ups were attempted with the 440-g ball in comparison with the regulation ball (U = 227906, p = 0.01, ES = 0.152) and with the 540-g ball (U = 218614, p = 0.01, ES = 0.160). A higher percentage of lay-ups were successful with the 440-g ball in comparison to the 540-g ball (U = 223080, p = 0.02, ES = 0.210). Conclusions. Only attempted lay-ups increased with the 440-g ball in comparison to the regulation ball, but the percentage of the rest of kinds of attempted shots and successful shots were similar when comparing the modified balls to the regulation ball.
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The aim of the study was to characterize selected indices of endurance and speed of the Korea Republic team with reference to the four best teams during the World Cup of 2010. Five hundred and ninety-nine football players from thirty-two teams participated in the study. All teams played in the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. For the assessment of the players' motor activity during matches common kinematic test results were recorded using the Castrol Performance Index. The following variables were analysed: total distance covered by the team, distance covered by individual players, maximum running speed and average match running speed for the team and individual players, as well as with division with regard to playing position: defenders, midfielders, strikers. In comparison to the four best teams at the football World Cup of 2010, the Korea Republic players achieved the highest running speed (p≤0.05), and similar levels of covered distance and average match running speed.
Human Movement
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 4
313-322
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Purpose. Many studies analyzing the game of tennis overlook assessing such variables as the pure ability to play the game or the skill needed to take an opponent by surprise. This can be quantified in terms of a player’s shot flexibility, variability, velocity, or by the conscious or intuitive adaptability one can possess towards anticipating return shots, how best to hit the ball in order to keep it in play, as well as the buildup of delivering a shot or in scoring a point. The aim of the study was to identify the ability to score points in tennis based on an original set of assessment criteria that were used to measure the different effective plays against an opponent. This included measuring the variability, spatial flexibility and variability of shots taken, as well as the willingness to make risky plays. Methods. The study analyzed the match play of two elite tennis players, Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, who competed against one another in the final of the 2007 US Open and the semi-final of 2008 Australian Open. Video recording of the two games was used to score and measure the proposed criteria. Results. The study found numerous quantitative and qualitative aspects that could assess the performance of the players. This included measuring the variety, spatial flexibility and variability of shots taken, as well as the willingness to make risky plays. Shot variety, flexibility and variability, as well as the amount of risk taken during game play, were quantifiable in nature. Taking into account the high sporting level of the players, the obtained results are undoubtedly of considerable educational value. Conclusion. The results allow for the conclusion that the teaching process in tennis demands the introduction of significant modifications aimed at the rationalization of technique and the introduction of criteria that can measure player effectiveness.
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