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On Virtue in the Context of Sport

100%

Zowisło M.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

2009

vol. 47

issue 1

89-94

Sport with its long and rich history is and always has been a complex phenomenon of culture, this marvellous world of objectified human spirit, the environment of man's consciousness and its deep dreams and ideals. So, key elements of sport are not limited to the games themselves, but encompass also a strong ethos consisting of a system of values and models of comportment, personal development and human perfection, frequently expressed in philosophical terms. In ancient Greece, philosophical reflection on sport was directly related to anthropology and focused on the human's whole physical, psychical and spiritual prowess and its improvement. Similar cohesion of the sport idea, philosophy and anthropology is also present in de Coubertin's heritage with its special emphasis on pedagogy. Sport carries a huge educational potential as a tool for shaping man on the somatic, mental, emotional, moral and social levels. But contemporary sport itself is infected by pathologies (actually, first signals of them were present in antiquity), which leads to violating the rule of fair play, to doping, commercialisation of sporting achievements and treating them in an instrumental manner, to the reification of sportsmen and treating the records as an ultimate fetish. In view of such phenomena, the most appropriate and effective reaction seems to take up a reference to classical ideals of the sport ethos and their incessant reinforcement in the process of nowadays education and human self-understanding. In ancient Greece, the philosophy of sport was a complementary element of the whole phenomenon, serving as its idealistic final touch, while today it is increasingly used as a preliminary condition for the practice of sport and is indispensable for a continuation and harmonious development of its tradition. Therefore, the anamnesis of cultural sources of sport is not only of historic character but also, and primarily, has a therapeutic dimension. So, it seems worthwhile and justified to return, restore and reclaim some ancient philosophical ideals that once constituted the base of Greek sport in its great connection with anthropology, a general view of human potential in physical movement. The presented text examines the concept of virtue in ancient sport and philosophy and compares it with contemporary, especially postmodern philosophical (with references to Zygmunt Bauman and Wolfgang Welsch) understanding of human prowess, well-being and beauty.

Etos pielęgniarek w aspekcie historycznym

37%

Nawrocka A.

Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis

2009

vol. 63

issue 2

59-72

This works aims at proving the thesis of timeliness of Hippocratic /460- 377 BC/ ethos, Christian ethics and personal model of F. Nightingale /1820-1910/ in the ethos of nurses in the aspect of history. The concept of “ethos” means morality as well as these signifi cant conducts, being the affi rmation of specifi c values distinguishing professional group of nurses. The thought of this thesis focuses on the description of nurses professions ethos in historical aspect, from the times of Hippocrates until 1945 AD. This ethos in historical aspect can also be developed by means of personal standards of moral and nurses authorities and fi rst of all by the principles of Hippocratic ethics, Hippocrates’ ethos and Christian ethics/love of God and man, the charity/ and deontological codes referring to a given specialization of nurses profession. Ethical assumptions of Hippocrates, due to their conformity with natural law, high estimation of life since conception till natural death, respect towards the sick and nurses authorities, the secret of treating, faithfulness to the principle “Primum non nocere”, “Salus aegroti suprema lex esto”, bringing relief in suff ering and oath directed to gods, have humanistic, general character and that is why they were adopted by ethos of nurses.

Celem pracy jest udowodnienie tezy, zakładającej aktualność etosu hipokratesowgo, etyki chrześcijańskiej i wzorców osobowych w etosie pielęgniarek analizowanym w aspekcie historycznym. Pojęcie „etos” oznacza określoną moralność, jak i te znamienne postawy, będące afi rmacją określonych wartości charakteryzujących grupę zawodową pielęgniarek. Idea tej pracy koncentruje się na omawianiu etosu pielęgniarek w aspekcie historycznym od czasów Hipokratesa /460-377 p.n.e./ do 1945 roku. Etos ten może być również kształtowany przez wzorce osobowe autorytetów moralnych i pielęgniarek, ale przede wszystkim przez zasady etyki medycznej Hipokratesa, etos hipokratesowy, etykę chrześcijańską/ miłość Boga i bliźniego, cnota miłosierdzia/ i kodeksy deontologiczne adekwatne do danej specjalizacji zawodów pielęgniarek. Założenia etyczne Hipokratesa ze względu na zgodność z prawem naturalnym, wysoką ocenę wartości życia od poczęcia do śmierci naturalnej, szacunek do chorego i autorytetów pielęgniarek, tajemnicę leczenia, wierność zasadom „Przede wszystkim nie szkodzić”, „Zdrowie chorego najwyższym prawem”, niesienie ulgi w cierpieniu i przysięgę skierowaną do bogów, mają wymiar humanistyczny, powszechny i dlatego zostały one przejmowane przez kształtujący się etos pielęgniarek.

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1 Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis

1 Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

2 2009

1 Nawrocka A.

1 Zowisło M.

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On Virtue in the Context of Sport

Etos pielęgniarek w aspekcie historycznym