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Technical Errors And The Venue Of The Match In Handball

100%
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vol. 22
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issue 1
25-29
EN
Introduction. In sports success depends on how well the players are prepared for the match in terms of their technical, tactical and motor skills, as well as their mental attitude. The training process is focused on improving the players' capabilities and eliminating their errors. The aim of the study was to describe the errors made in handball matches taking into account their timing and quantity. Material and methods. The material consisted of recordings of 50 matches of men's handball held in the EHF Champions League in 2012-2013. The study included 8 teams that took part in the tournament. The following matches were analysed for each team: 4 matches in the knockout stage (2 played at home and 2 away) and 4 in the group stage (2 at home and 2 away). The errors were determined based on EHF regulations. Results. A difference was found between the errors committed in matches at home and away in the knockout stage. The most errors (35) in this stage of the tournament were made between the 25th and 30th minute, and the fewest (18) between the 30th and 35th minute, in both cases in matches played at home. In the group stage the most errors (36) were made between the 40th and 45th minute away, and the fewest (15) between the 10th and 15th minute at home. In the knockout stage the four teams made a total of 632 errors, including 71 errors made by the winner of the tournament, who committed the smallest number of errors. The smallest number of errors (53) in the group stage were made by HC Metalurg Skopje. Conclusions. The number of errors made did not have a direct influence on a team's position in the tournament, but the winner made the least errors in the knockout stage. The differences between the numbers of errors made in the knockout stage may indicate that the players were more comfortable when playing at home. The support of fans may be one of the factors which contribute to the fact that players commit fewer errors in this stage of the tournament. The rise in the number of errors made towards the end of the match, on the other hand, is most likely due to an increased level of physical and emotional fatigue, particularly considering the risk of being eliminated from the tournament.
EN
The gastrointestinal tract is an extraordinary human organ in terms of its morphology and function. Its complex structure and enormous length as well as frequent presence of gas discourage many doctors performing ultrasound examination from its exploration. Moreover, there are anatomical structures in multiple locations which can mimic certain abnormalities. It is difficult to present an exhaustive account of the problem of gastrointestinal tract ultrasound imaging errors in a single work; therefore, this study focuses mainly on false positive errors which usually result from a lack of knowledge of anatomical variants of the gastrointestinal tract structure. In the case of the stomach, rugae and muscle layer thickening towards the pylorus have been mentioned, which constitute variants of the structure of this organ examined when empty. Diagnostic pitfalls in the small intestine may include the dudenojejunal flexure (ligament of Treitz), the horizontal part of the duodenum and the ileocaecal valve. The status of the apparent lesions in all of the cases mentioned will be resolved following fluid intake by the patient. In the colon, the varied structure of semilunar folds should be taken note of. Their large thickness can warrant suspicion of wall invasion or a polyp. In addition, the study emphasises the importance of appropriate preparation of a patient for gastrointestinal tract examination since it determines the accuracy of the diagnosis. The authors also take note of common ‘sins’ of physicians such as hasty examination and failure to comply with the stomach and appendix examination protocol.
PL
Cewa pokarmowa to wyjątkowy pod względem morfologicznym i czynnościowym narząd ciała ludzkiego. Jej złożona budowa, ogromna długość oraz częsta obecność w niej gazu zniechęcają do jej eksploracji wielu lekarzy wykonujących badanie ultrasonograficzne. Ponadto w wielu miejscach można spotkać struktury anatomiczne mogące pozorować istnienie zmian patologicznych. W jednym opracowaniu trudno przedstawić całość problematyki związanej z błędami popełnianymi w diagnostyce ultrasonograficznej cewy pokarmowej, dlatego w prezentowanej pracy skupiono się głównie na błędach fałszywie pozytywnych, które w przeważającej mierze wynikają z nieznajomości wariantów anatomicznych budowy przewodu pokarmowego. W odniesieniu do żołądka zwrócono uwagę na tzw. ufałdowanie i grubiejącą w kierunku odźwiernika błonę mięśniową – zmienności budowy ściany tego narządu badanego na czczo. W jelicie cienkim pułapkę diagnostyczną mogą stanowić: zgięcie dwunastniczo-czcze Treitza, poziomy odcinek dwunastnicy i zastawka krętniczo-kątnicza. We wszystkich wymienionych przypadkach rozstrzygające będzie zachowanie się tych tzw. rzekomych zmian po napojeniu osoby badanej. W jelicie grubym należy zwracać uwagę na zróżnicowaną budowę fałdów półksiężycowatych, których duża grubość może nasuwać podejrzenie nacieku ściany bądź polipa. Ponadto w pracy podkreślono znaczenie prawidłowego przygotowania pacjenta do badania cewy pokarmowej, od tego bowiem zależy trafność stawianych rozpoznań. Autorzy zwracają także uwagę na częste „grzechy” w pracy lekarzy, takie jak pospieszne badanie oraz nietrzymanie się metodycznego standardu badania USG żołądka i wyrostka robaczkowego.
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