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1
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A Situational Theory of Advantages in Sport

100%
Hämäläinen M.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
|
2013
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vol. 60
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issue 1
5-13
EN
The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic explanation of the concept of advantage in the context of sport competitions. Advantage is a common concept in sports, but it also holds ambiguities that need clarification. Let’s say, for example, that the national soccer team of Brazil is playing the national team of Finland and is ahead 5 to 0. Finland receives a penalty kick due to a refereeing error. At this point, which of the teams has the advantage? In this paper, I answer this question through a systematic explanation of the concept of advantage. My theory is based on Sigmund Loland’s view that advantage can be distributed both formally and informally in sport competitions. I will develop Loland’s notion of formal advantage by introducing what I call an absolute sense of advantage - a relation of superiority that is based on the performances of two competitors. I replace informal advantage with what I refer to as an expectancy sense of advantage, which is related to expectations regarding the absolute advantage. These two senses of advantage have different functions, and I conclude that advantage is a phenomenon that plays a vital role in all sport competitions through these two senses - absolute and expectancy.
2
Content available remote

Talent Detection and Competitive Progress in Biathlon - A National Example

88%
Carlson R.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2011
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vol. 18
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issue 4
290-295
EN
The main purpose of this study was to explain later years' success among Swedish biathletes. Sportive talent is regarded an interactional process within the frame of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model for human development. The national team (the elite group) consisting of 13 individuals was investigated along with a control group - matched in pairs in variables age, sex and athletic performance. All athletes were graduates from the upper secondary education sport schools (RIG sport academies). Data was collected via interviews and observations during training and world cup competitions. Based on quadruples of a year elite biathletes were more often born early in a year compared to controls. Hence, the prevailing system for division in competition classes based on age during adolescence could favour early developers. The elite group athletes revealed more positive experiences from sport academy years - in particular concerning the acting and behaviour of coaches in terms of individualisation in training and reciprocity in communication. Furthermore, controls were more often injured and experienced greater difficulties to carry out sufficient training. The results indicate the negative impact of competition classes based on age per se during adolescence and competence issues referring to sport academy coaches.
3
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Content available

Determinants of Assault on Football League Referees during Competitions in Nigeria

88%
Momoh D. M., Olaseyo T.
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2021
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vol. 33
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issue 1
127-133
EN
The assault on referees is an act committed by an individual involved in a match such as players, substitutes, coaches, team officials or spectators against a referee that is of a violent or intimidating nature. This study, therefore, investigated the level of assault of referees in Nigeria’s Premier Football League. The participants for the study consisted of two hundred and fifty (250) Nigerian Premier League elite referees, footballers, coaches, and spectators. The purposive sampling technique was used for the study to select the respondents. Sampled used for the study was survey research design. A structured questionnaire with validated and reliability value of 0. 75 was used for data collection. The data was analyzed using the inferential statistics of Chi-square (x2) to test the research questions and hypotheses at 0.05 alpha levels. The three hypotheses of officiating, organization of the league and win at all cost tested, were all rejected. Consequently, some recommendations were made based on the findings of the study.
4
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Psychometric Properties of The Greek Version of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition Scale (TOPS-CS)

88%
Katsikas C., Donti O., Psychountaki M.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 29
133-139
EN
The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition scale (TOPS-CS; Thomas et al., 1999) in Greek athletic population. The TOPS-CS was designed to assess eight psychological strategies used by athletes in competition (activation, automaticity, emotional control, goal-setting, imagery, negative thinking, relaxation and self-talk). In order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the inventory, two different research studies were conducted in two different age groups (n1=382 athletes, aged 16 to 20 years and n2=343 athletes, aged 12 to 15 years). Furthermore, 263 athletes, (aged 16 to 20 years) completed the TOPS-CS, purposing to perform confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the first study supported the initial factorial structure of the TOPS-CS for athletes aged 16-20 years. Reliability analysis also provided adequate evidence for the internal consistency and stability of the scale for Greek athletes of this age. However, for athletes aged 12 to 15 years, the validity and reliability of the inventory were questionable and further research is required.
5

Competitive spirit as a form of behavioral addiction: the case study of Michael Jordan

88%
Jacheć T.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2021
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vol. 89
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issue 1
66-83
6
Content available remote

Physiological Responses During Multiplay Exergaming in Young Adult Males are Game-Dependent

88%
McGuire S., Willems M. E.
Journal of Human Kinetics
|
2015
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vol. 46
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issue 1
263-271
EN
Regular moderate-intensity exercise provides health benefits. The aim of this study was to examine whether the selected exercise intensity and physiological responses during exergaming in a single and multiplayer mode in the same physical space were game-dependent. Ten males (mean ±SD, age: 23 ±5 years, body mass: 84.2 ±15.6 kg, body height: 180 ±7 cm, body mass index: 26.0 ±4.0 kg·m−2) played the games Kinect football, boxing and track & field (3 × ~10 min, ~ 2 min rest periods) in similar time sequence in two sessions. Physiological responses were measured with the portable Cosmed K4b2 pulmonary gas exchange system. Single play demands were used to match with a competitive opponent in a multiplay mode. A within-subjects crossover design was used with one-way ANOVA and a post-hoc t-test for analysis (p<0.05). Minute ventilation, oxygen uptake and the heart rate were at least 18% higher during a multiplayer mode for Kinect football and boxing but not for track & field. Energy expenditure was 21% higher during multiplay football. Single play track & field had higher metabolic equivalent than single play football (5.7 ±1.6, range: 3.2-8.6 vs 4.1 ±1.0, range: 3.0-6.1, p<0.05). Exergaming in a multiplayer mode can provide higher physiological demands but the effects are game-dependent. It seems that exergaming with low intensity in a multiplayer mode may provide a greater physical challenge for participants than in a single play mode but may not consistently provide sufficient intensity to acquire health benefits when played regularly as part of a programme to promote and maintain health in young adults.
7
Content available remote

A Paradigm for Identifying Ability Competition (Providing Examples of Sport Game and Fight)

75%
Panfil R.
Human Movement
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2011
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vol. 12
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issue 1
16-23
EN
Effective competition for access to social resources is dependent on skills defined also as competences for action, cooperation and counteraction. Therefore, the objective of the study was to formulate a consistent set of criteria by means of which it would be possible to ensure objective identification of an individual's skills to take action in competitive conditions, with particular attention to sport game and fight. It was assumed as the basis of the paradigm that the skill of sport game and fight is the conscious or intuitive application of solutions surprising the competitor by their uniqueness, choices or speed of action. The following criteria were distinguished among the criteria proposed for identifying competitive skills: surprise by creativity of action shown by precision, flexibility and uniqueness of performance, surprise by choice indicated by the dynamics of the repertoire of actions, and surprise by speed of action resulting from increasing velocity or making use of the variability of rhythm, speed and direction of action. The concept presented appears to be a consistent paradigm of objectivized identification of competitive skills. On the basis of this identification, it is possible to formulate practical directives which allow for the improvement of processes: educating, coaching, or managing the development of competences with respect to effective competition for access to social resources, including sports resources.
8
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Content available

Sprawność fizyczna i odpowiedź kortyzolu w ślinie na maksymalne, krótkotrwałe wysiłki zawodników z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną

63%
Obmiński Z., Opaszowski B.
Polish Journal of Sports Medicine
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2020
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vol. 36(4)
167-173
EN
Background. This study aimed to determine temporary changes in salivary C induced by short-lasting competitive efforts among athletes with Down syndrome Material and methods. 24 male athletes with mild intellectual disabilities participated in mul-tiregional athletic meeting. Eight participants with Down syndrome (DS) run on 100m, and 16 others without DS competed on 200 or 400m. All athletes were assessed for salivary cortisol responses to running . Specimens of saliva were sampled twice prior to the effort (-60 min, -2 min.) and 5 minutes after the runs. Cortisol levels (C) were determined in duplicates in all col-lected samples. Results. Athletes with DS demonstrated somewhat higher C at -60 min (12.0± 2.3 nM) than the others competed at 200m (10.6±1.5) and at 400m (9.7±1.5). At the end of the run, mean C values in the groups were related to the distance: 100m-10.4±1.8nM, 200m-11.9±1.1, 400m-12.8±0.7. Ranges of outcomes of the running time were varied and dependent on distances : at 100m : 19.1-24.6 seconds, at 200m: 34.7-40.4 s., and at 400m: 91.4-109.4 s. Conclusions. Non-invasive and non-stressful study procedure appeared to be diagnostic one for determination adrenal function under competitive stress among intellectual disabled athletes, however, lack of the similar observations in neutral, non-stressful conditions and small samples of participants are the main limitation of this study.
PL
Wstęp. Badanie miało na celu określenie tymczasowych zmian w ślinie wywołanych przez krótkotrwałe wysiłki startowe wśród sportowców z zespołem Downa. Materiał i metody. 24 sportowców płci męskiej z łagodną niepełnosprawnością intelektualną uczestniczyło w regionalnych zawodach lekkoatletycznych. Ośmiu uczestników z zespołem Downa (DS) startowało na dystansie 100m, a 16 innych bez DS rywalizowało na dystansach 200 lub 400m. Wszyscy sportowcy byli badani pod kątem odpowiedzi kortyzolu w ślinie na bieg. Próbki śliny pobrano dwa razy przed wysiłkiem (-60 min, -2 min.) i 5 minut po biegu. Poziom kortyzolu (C) określono w duplikatach we wszystkich pobranych próbkach. Wyniki. Zawodnicy z DS wykazali nieco wyższą wartość C 60 min przed biegiem (12,0± 2,3 nM) niż pozostali w tym samym terminie rywalizujący na 200m (10,6±1,5) i na 400m (9,7±1,5). Zakresy wyników czasu biegu były zróżnicowane i zależały od dystansu; 100m-10,4±1,8nM, 200m-11,9±1,1, 400m-12,8±0,7. Średnie wyniki czasu biegu były zróżnicowane: na 100m : 19,1-24,6 sekundy, na 200m: 34,7-40,4 s., a na 400 : 91,4-109,4 s. Wnioski. Nieinwazyjna i bezstresowa procedura badania wydawała się być pożyteczna diagnostycznie do oznaczania funkcji nadnerczy pod wpływem stresu startowego u sportowców niepełnosprawnych intelektualnie, jednak brak podobnych obserwacji w warunkach neutralnych oraz małe liczebności uczestników są głównym ograniczeniem badań.
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