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FUNCTIONAL FOOD IN PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND OBESITY

100%
Papierska K., Ignatowicz E.
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
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2019
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vol. 76
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issue 6
945-958
EN
The term “functional food” refers to modified food products that claim to provide an additional function besides basic nutrition needs. The consumption of functional food is known to exert a positive impact on health and to prevent the occurrence of pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer, and obesity. Functional food products should resemble conventional food in terms of appearance and taste. The goal is usually achieved by adding active ingredients to the traditional food products (e.g., phytosterols/stanols are added to margarine, dairy, and cereal products), removing or limiting the concentration of potentially harmful agents, or by agricultural and genetic modifications of already existing edible plants and animals (e.g., feeding hens on algae or fish in order to obtain n-3 PUFAs-enriched eggs, and inducing genetic and/or nutritional changes during animal production to obtain meat with lower cholesterol levels). Well-designed intervention trials are scarce in this field, and more effort should be directed toward conclusively proving the role of functional food in disease prevention and health improvement among the population. These associated benefits and the advances in food processing industry should stimulate the development of products that would match the requirements of a healthy diet, simultaneously reducing the risk of chronic diseases. The aim of the present review was to present the examples of functional foods that are essential for the prevention of obesity and cardiovascular disease, and thereby report on their putative mechanisms of action, health-promoting effects, and limitations by conducting various intervention studies.
2
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The role of suPAR in kidney diseases

75%
Łącka-Gaździk B., Śnit M., Żak-Lenart M., Grzeszczak W.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2017
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vol. 71
265-274
EN
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unquestionably a problem of social significance because it affects about 10% of the population. There is a search for biomarkers which could help select persons out of such a large group of patients with a high risk of disease progression and of its complications. The major cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease are cardiovascular diseases. Accelerated atherosclerosis in this group of patients is associated with a chronic inflammatory state. The new biological marker of inflammation suPAR (soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor), is the focus of attention of the authors of this report. The relationship of suPAR with urinary tract infections and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is also very interesting from the clinical perspective. The perception of suPAR as a blood circulating factor, inducing FSGS, throws new light on the pathomechanism of this medical condition, while unveiling promising therapeutic perspectives. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of the diseases discussed will help to reduce the unacceptably high mortality rate in patients with CKD. At present, common assaying of suPAR is not yet possible in the context of the above-mentioned issues. Nevertheless, studies are ongoing which may explain the still unclear issues concerning the relationship of the biomarker with the mentioned kidney diseases. Perhaps, follo-wing their results suPAR assays may in the near future become routine diagnostics means in selected kidney diseases.
PL
Przewlekła choroba nerek (PChN) to niewątpliwie problem o znaczeniu społecznym, dotyczy bowiem około 10% populacji. Poszukiwane są biomarkery, dzięki którym spośród tak dużej liczby pacjentów udałoby się wyselekcjonować osoby z dużym ryzykiem progresji choroby i jej powikłań. Główną przyczyną zgonów u pacjentów ze schyłkową niewydolnością nerek są choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego. Przyspieszony rozwój miażdżycy w tej grupie chorych wiąże się z przewlekłym stanem zapalnym. Przedmiotem zainteresowania autorów pracy jest nowy biomarker stanu zapalnego suPAR (soluble urokinase-type plazminogen activator receptor – rozpuszczalna forma receptora aktywatora plazminogenu typu urokinazy). Z klinicznego punktu widzenia interesujący jest również związek suPAR z zakażeniami układu moczowego oraz ogniskowym segmentalnym stwardnieniem kłębuszków nerkowych (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis – FSGS). Identyfikacja suPAR, jako krążącego we krwi czynnika wywołującego FSGS, rzuca nowe światło na patomechanizm choroby i stwarza obiecujące możliwości lecznicze. Lepsze zrozumienie patogenezy omawianych schorzeń pomogłoby zredukować nieakceptowalnie wysoką śmiertelność pacjentów z PChN. Na dzień dzisiejszy nie można zlecać powszechnego oznaczania suPAR w kontekście omawianych zagadnień. Niemniej trwają badania, które pozwolą wyjaśnić niejasne kwestie dotyczące związku biomarkera z omawianymi schorzeniami nerek. Być może na podstawie ich wyników w najbliższych latach oznaczanie suPAR w wybranych chorobach nerek będzie rutynowe.
3
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Quality control in tRNA charging - editing of homocysteine

75%
Jakubowski H.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2011
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vol. 58
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issue 2
149-163
EN
All living organisms conduct protein synthesis with a high degree of accuracy maintained in the transmission and flow of information from a gene to protein product. One crucial 'quality control' point in maintaining a high level of accuracy is the selectivity by which aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases furnish correctly activated amino acids, attached to tRNA species, as the building blocks for growing protein chains. When differences in binding energies of amino acids to an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase are inadequate, editing is used as a major determinant of enzyme selectivity. Some incorrect amino acids are edited at the active site before the transfer to tRNA (pre-transfer editing), while others are edited after transfer to tRNA at a separate editing site (post-transfer editing). Access of natural non-protein amino acids, such as homocysteine, homoserine, or ornithine to the genetic code is prevented by the editing function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Disabling editing function leads to tRNA mischarging errors and incorporation of incorrect amino acids into protein, which is detrimental to cell homeostasis and inhibits growth. Continuous homocysteine editing by methionyl-tRNA synthetase, resulting in the synthesis of homocysteine thiolactone, is part of the process of tRNA aminoacylation in living organisms, from bacteria to man. Excessive homocysteine thiolactone synthesis in hyperhomocysteinemia caused by genetic or nutritional deficiencies is linked to human vascular and neurological diseases.
4
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Omentin - a new adipokine with many roles to play

75%
Halabis M., Dziedzic M., Warchulinska J., Kaznowska-Bystryk I., Solski J.
Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
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2015
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vol. 28
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issue 3
176-180
EN
Adipose tissue is at a point of high interest in medical research, not only as an energy depot, but also because it secretes nearly more than 600 cytokines. These are termed‚ adipokines’. Human adipokines are involved in numerous metabolic processes, including the regulation of appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and cardiovascular activity. Thus, these could be clinically important as a markers of adipose tissue function and increased metabolic risk. The search for novel adipokines linking obesity to related co-morbidities has become a major topic in obesity research. In such work, there is an increasing need to define their function, their molecular targets and their potential clinical relevance as biomarkers or in the treatment of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Omentin (34 kDa) is a recently identified fat deposition-specific adipokine with multiple interactions. Concentrations of omentin have been shown to be decreased in patients with obesity and impaired glucose regulation, in patients afflicted with diabetes type 1 and 2, and in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. These are all diseases commonly associated with insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of this study was to show and compare the latest information about omentin and its relationships with obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), inflammation, cardiac problems, sex hormone imbalances and cancer. The association of omentin with particular metabolic indexes may suggest that an elevation in omentin level may be seen as being a marker for leanness, while a decreased level will underline possible situations of overweight and obesity along with their comorbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, inflammation and even cancer). However, a challenge for the future is to fully understand the multiple role played by omentin. Thus, more studies in these matter are required.
5
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Potential of e- and m-health tools and gender-tailored approach in modern model of education and prevention of cardiovascular disease in women

51%
Zembala-John J. M., Konka A. P.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2018
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issue 72
184-192
EN
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Only in 2012 it accounted for 17.5 million deaths. Although it affects both sexes, every year more women die due to CVD, more than due to all cancers, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. The risk factors, symptoms and course of CVD in women and men often differ, which makes early proper diagnosis and treatment more difficult. Despite being a major threat for women, the level of awareness and knowledge on the gender-specific picture of CVD, both among females and within the medical environment, remains staggeringly low. Introducing a new gender-tailored health education and prevention model, adjusted to the medical, socio-cultural, technological expectations and needs of contemporary women, to their modern lifestyle and pace of life, could constitute an attractive and more effective alternative to initiatives undertaken so far targeting the general population. E- and m-health tools seem to have a promising potential in educating and supporting contemporary women in their everyday health management. Applying Internet-based solutions together with a gender-oriented approach could increase the level of knowledge and CVD awareness among women, lead to improvement of their heart health and contribute to a reduction in the medical-social-economic burden of CVD in women.
PL
Choroby sercowo-naczyniowe (ChSN) stanowią najczęstszą przyczynę zgonów na świecie. Tylko w roku 2012 z powodu ChSN zmarło 17,5 miliona osób. Mimo że problem ten dotyczy przedstawicieli obu płci, każdego roku więcej kobiet umiera z powodu chorób układu krążenia. Śmiertelność z powodu ChSN w tej grupie jest wyższa niż z powodu nowotworów, gruźlicy, HIV/AIDS i malarii łącznie. Symptomatyka i przebieg ChSN u mężczyzn i kobiet są często odmienne, w przypadku kobiet objawy są często mniej charakterystyczne i w związku z tym trudniejsze do wczesnego rozpoznania i leczenia. Poziom wiedzy i świadomości na temat specyfiki ChSN u kobiet w Polsce jest wciąż ograniczony i często trudno dostępny – zwłaszcza wśród samych zainteresowanych. Wprowadzenie nowego modelu edukacji i prewencji, skierowanego wyłącznie do kobiet, skrojonego do ich potrzeb: biologicznych, medycznych, technologicznych, estetycznych, uwzględniającego społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania i oczekiwania może stanowić wartościową i bardziej skuteczną strategię prewencji ChSN w tej populacji. Ponadto wykorzystanie w tym modelu nowych technologii, w tym narzędzi e- oraz m-zdrowia, bardziej dopasowanych do mobilnego stylu i tempa życia współczesnej kobiety, w profilaktyce ChSN mogłoby przyczynić się do zwiększenia wiedzy i świadomości na temat kobiecego profilu ChSN, poprawy sytuacji zdrowotnej kobiet w Polsce, a tym samym do redukcji medyczno-ekonomicznego i społecznego ciężaru ChSN w tej populacji.
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