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Vegetables Enriched Diet and Oesophageal Cancer Risk. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies

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Smolińska K., Dębińska I., Paluszkiewicz P.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2010
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vol. 82
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issue 12
639-644
EN
Oesophagus is common primary localization of digestive system cancer. Recent analyses suggest the role of vegetarian food in reduction of cancer risk. The role of vegetables intake in oesophageal cancer prevention still needs to be proved.Objective. The estimation of the role of vegetables intake in oesophageal cancer risk based on published case-control studies using meta-analysis methods.Methods. The selected literature published till 2009 from MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CancerLit, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases were included into meta-analysis. The following search terms, key words and text phrases were used: esophageal cancer, cancer risk, oesophageal cancer risk, oesophageal neoplasm; oesophageal neoplasm risk, diet, dietary habits, vegetables and life style. Articles investigating vegetables intake were reviewed and selected for further analysis.Results. Twelve studies have fulfilled the established criteria. The meta-analysis has confirmed the protective effect of vegetables against oesophageal cancer development. The vegetables intake, more frequent than once per week, reduce oesophageal cancer risk (relative risk 0.52; 95% CI 0.38-0.71). The declared intake more frequent than once daily was connected with reduction of cancer development about of 57% (relative risk 0.43; 95% CI 0.32-0.58). The dose-dependent manner of vegetables intake was observed against oesophageal cancer development.Conclusion. The vegetables intake is associated with reduced risk of developing an oesophageal cancer. The total reduction of oesophageal cancer risk is associated with frequency of vegetables intake in the diet.
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Potential Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Road Dusts Collected From Three Urban Roads of Enugu State, Nigeria

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Nnamani A. R., Nduka J. K., Ukamaka A. A.
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EN
Dust samples from roads classified based on traffic volumes (low, medium and high traffic) were collected from three different urban roads in Enugu South LGA, Enugu State, Nigeria followed by assessment of human health risks of each heavy metals. The concentrations of heavy metals in road dust were determined using computerized Agilent FS240AA Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The heavy metal concentrations were dominated by Fe and Mn with mean concentration of 247.03 mg/kg and 26.43 mg/kg respectively. Other dominant elements were Cu and K with mean concentrations of 121.85 mg/kg and 73.39 mg/kg, respectively. The results revealed that the highest heavy metals in road are highest in industrial road site and commercial road while the dust from residential area has the lowest heavy metal concentration. Contrary to most metals detected, mercury (Hg) shows no detection. The health risk assessment through ingestion, dermal and inhalation contact was conducted according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) model for children and adults. The assessment of health risk indicated that there were mainly three exposure pathways for people: ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation. The main exposure pathway of heavy metals to both children and adults is ingestion. The values of HQ and HI are lower than the safe level (HI< 1), indicating no health risk exists in present condition. The cancer risk (CR) for children and adults from exposure to Pb, As, Ni, and Cr was found to be negligible (≤ 1 × 10−6). Meanwhile, the HI value for children is higher than that for adults, indicating that children have higher potential health risk than adults in the studied areas in Enugu state.
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