Laccases are blue copper oxidases, found in some plants and secreted by a wide range of ligninolytic fungi. These enzymes are well known for their ability in oxidizing several organic compounds, mainly phenolics and aromatic amines, at the expenses of molecular oxygen. Therefore, they could find application in the field of enzymatic bioremediation of many industrial wastewaters, and in particular to bleach and/or detoxify dye-containing effluents. Not all industrial dyes behave as laccase substrates, but this limitation is often overcome by the judicious use of redox mediators. These could substantially widen the application range of laccases as bioremediation tools. The present study encompasses the main properties of the most used industrial dyes as related to their chemical classification, fungal laccases and their molecular and catalytic features, the use of redox mediators, limitations and perspectives of the use of fungal laccases for industrial dye bleaching.
The aim of this article was to present the properties of ozone and its use in dentistry. Ozone is a chemical compound consisting of three atoms of oxygen with the molecular weight of 47.98 g/mol. It is an energy-rich and highly unstable form of oxygen. Ozone is a powerful oxidizer and it is strongly effective against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. It has been used successfully in the field of medicine for more than a decade. There are several known actions of ozone on the human body, such as: immunostimulating and analgesic, antimicrobial, bioenergetic and biosynthetic. Based on its properties, ozone is being used in various fields in dentistry, such as caries prevention, endodontics, periodontology, prosthetics, orthodontics and oral surgery. Modern dentistry is moving towards the use of minimally invasive procedures. Ozone therapy is quite promising as it is less invasive, has a potent disinfectant property and has minimal adverse effects. Evidence based studies and clinical trials are still required.
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Celem niniejszej pracy jest zaprezentowanie właściwości, mechanizmu działania oraz skuteczności zastosowania ozonu we współczesnej stomatologii. Ozon jako alotropowa forma tlenu, o wzorze chemicznym O3, ma silne właściwości utleniające, co sprawia, że na jego działanie podatne są bakterie Gram-dodatnie, Gram-ujemne, wirusy, spory oraz komórki wegetatywne. Szerokie zastosowanie terapeutyczne w stomatologii ozon zawdzięcza właściwościom: przeciwdrobnoustrojowym, stymulującym układ odpornościowy, przeciwbólowym, detoksykacyjnym, antyhipoksyjnym, biosyntetycznym oraz biostymulującym. Ponadto znajduje zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach stomatologii: w profilaktyce, stomatologii zachowawczej (wybielanie zębów, leczenie nadwrażliwości zębiny), endodoncji, stomatologii dziecięcej, ortodoncji, periodontologii i leczeniu chorób błony śluzowej jamy ustnej, protetyce oraz chirurgii stomatologicznej. Ozonoterapia, zarówno w postaci mieszaniny wodnej, jak i w formie gazowej, wspomaga efekty terapeutyczne, jednak dopracowania wymagają standardy jej zastosowania.
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