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Bio-markers: traceability in food safety issues

100%
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2005
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vol. 52
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issue 3
659-664
EN
Research and practice are focusing on development, validation and harmonization of technologies and methodologies to ensure complete traceability process throughout the food chain. The main goals are: scale-up, implementation and validation of methods in whole food chains, assurance of authenticity, validity of labelling and application of HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control point) to the entire food chain. The current review is to sum the scientific and technological basis for ensuring complete traceability. Tracing and tracking (traceability) of foods are complex processes due to the (bio)markers, technical solutions and different circumstances in different technologies which produces various foods (processed, semi-processed, or raw). Since the food is produced for human or animal consumption we need suitable markers to be stable and traceable all along the production chain. Specific biomarkers can have a function in technology and in nutrition. Such approach would make this development faster and more comprehensive and would make possible that food effect could be monitored with same set of biomarkers in consumer. This would help to develop and implement food safety standards that would be based on real physiological function of particular food component.
EN
Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease, being the seventh cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Its aggressiveness is due to its specific biology and the late diagnosis of cancer. Therefore, the prognosis for patients suffering from this cancer is dismal, with 5-year overall survival rate of around 6–10%. Up to date, only a complete surgical resection of the cancerous entity warrants a significant improvement in patients’ survival. Nevertheless, the pancreatic cancer’s biology is still not fully elucidated, so that the accuracy of prognosis for certain patients is highly uncertain. Consequently, the importance of both clinical and basic research aiming to reveal the crucial molecular factors affecting long-term prognosis should be highlighted. There is a growing number of evidence that biomarkers of PC not only reflect the presence of tumor itself but also present a “hint” regarding its physiology. Thus the aim of this study was to assess the levels of commonly measured biomarkers and their influence on patients’ overall survival. Materials and methods: The retrospective analysis of data on 129 patients admitted to our Department due to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was carried out. On the day of admission all the patients had their levels of CA19-9, CA125, CEA and CA15-3 measured. The overall survival (OS) was defined as time elapsing from the day of admission to the day of death. The Kaplan- Meier curves were built for all potential factors, Cox regression model was applied to carry out a multivariate analysis. Results: We retrospectively analyzed 129 patients with a mean age of 62 years. As many as 95 of them had an unresectable lesion and 34 underwent curative operation. In total, the analyzed patient group was characterized by a median survival of 7 months and 12 days. Cumulative 1-year, 2-year and 4-year survival rates were 35%, 16% and 15%, respectively. In univariate analysis, factors such as age >= 60, inoperable lesion, CA19-9 >= 200, CA125 >= 20 and Neutrophile to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) >= 5 were associated with a lower median OS. In multivariate analysis, three factors, CA19-9 >= 200, CA125 >= 20 and age >= 60, were found to be statistically significant. Indeed, patients possessing all of them noted much poorer outcomes regarding OS factors: 89 days versus 235 days for the other patients (log rank test P = 0.02). Conclusions: Our study fortifies the evidence that preoperative levels of CA19-9 and CA125 have a direct influence on the longterm OS. Interestingly, in our patient group, the correlation of biomarkers with OS was higher than that of resectability. However, our study has some limitations regarding, for instance, the lack of data on chemotherapy, comorbidities etc. In the view of recent molecular studies on mucin involvement in PC development, it provides a strong clinical evidence to prove their importance.
EN
Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a growing global pandemic that affects millions of people around the world. Despite the progress in medicine, diagnosis and treatment of HF remains problematic. Recently, noncoding micro ribonucleic acids called miRNAs have become significant in the diagnosis and stratification of HF risk. Aim The aim of this study was the attempt to identify the profile of circulating miRNAs specific for ischemic HF with moderately reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFmrEF). Methods and Results A number of changes in the miRNA profile can characterise patients with ischemic HFmrEF. This is a pilot study before further research on a larger group of patients. Conclusions Using the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), serum levels of 84 miRNA were measured and compared between a patient with ischemic HFmrEF and a healthy volunteer. Analysis reveals a down-regulation of let-7f-5p and miR-1-3p, as well as up-regulation of miR-100-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-125a-5p, miR-140-5p, miR-144-3p, miR-149-5p, miR-15b-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-208b-3p, miR-224-5p, miR-26b-5p, miR-27b-3p, miR-302a-3p, miR-320a, miR-7-5p, miR-99a-5p.
EN
Preeclampsia (PE) is determined as high blood pressure during pregnancy and proteinuria of 300 mg or more in a 24-hour urine sample. PE is a leading cause of maternal death, with about 55000 deaths worldwide each year. Toxic substances that damage the maternal vascular endothelium induced PE, resulting in liver and kidney malfunction. It is crucial for obstetricians to identify as early as possible the patients who are at risk for PE. Familial history of PE, polycystic ovarian disease, sleeping disorders, urinary infections, periodontal disease, smoking, and lifestyle are the major risk factors involved in this disease. VEGF, sFlt1, sENG, PAPP-A, inhibin A and activin A proteins, fetal hemoglobin, heat shock protein and placental protein have been shown to predict or diagnose PE and help in understanding the pathogenesis of PE. In addition, a better understanding of PE pathogenesis would aid in identifying the most effective treatments that do not impair the fetus’ prognosis. The aim of our study is a review of the pathophysiology and biomarkers, such as pro- and anti-angiogenic substances, that may be useful in the detection of PE in the future.
EN
Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is a growing global pandemic that affects millions of people around the world. Despite the progress in medicine, diagnosis and treatment of HF remains problematic. Recently, noncoding micro ribonucleic acids called miRNAs have become significant in the diagnosis and stratification of HF risk. Aim: The aim of this study was the attempt to identify the profile of circulating miRNAs specific for ischemic HF with moderately reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFmrEF). Methods and Results: A number of changes in the miRNA profile can characterise patients with ischemic HFmrEF. This is a pilot study before further research on a larger group of patients. Conclusions: Using the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), serum levels of 84 miRNA were measured and compared between a patient with ischemic HFmrEF and a healthy volunteer. Analysis reveals a down-regulation of let-7f-5p and miR-1-3p, as well as up-regulation of miR-100-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-125a-5p, miR-140-5p, miR-144-3p, miR-149-5p, miR-15b-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-208b-3p, miR-224-5p, miR-26b-5p, miR-27b-3p, miR-302a-3p, miR-320a, miR-7-5p, miR-99a-5p.
OncoReview
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2021
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vol. 11
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issue 4
95-101
EN
Although the widespread of early screening and advanced medical therapies, the breast cancer incidence rate continues to rise among Algerian women. This retrospective study investigated mammary lesions’ epidemiological profile and histopathological characteristics and evaluated primary invasive breast cancer prognostic factors. We found that the incidence of breast cancer increases in middle- aged women between 40 and 60 years. Scarff Bloom Richardson grade II predominates in invasive breast cancer samples. In this study, molecular profiling shows that 82.1% of invasive tumours are hormone receptor-positive. A significant correlation is observed between the age of the patient and the SBR grade (p = 0.001) and with the hormone receptor expression (p = 0.001). In addition, the tumour grade is significantly correlated to oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression (p = 0.000; p = 0.000, respectively). Twenty-two per cent of cases were human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive. The Ki-67 proliferation index is expressed in 91% of breast cancer patients and was significantly associated with Scarff Bloom Richardson grade (p = 0.030), the progesterone receptor expression (p = 0.029) and with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positivity (p = 0.023). Primary breast cancer with a high grade is more frequent (31%) in young women under 40 years old, presenting 17% of our population. In summary, breast cancer patients in Algeria develop an unfavourable profile. Immunohistochemistry assay has played a pivotal role in assessing breast cancer predictive biomarkers improving the tumour behaviour and response to treatment.
EN
Cancer and cardiovascular diseases are a leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Cardiological complications of oncological treatment are a significant problem that can be manifested in both permanent and transient cardiac dysfunction including myocardial damage, left ventricular dysfunction, and heart failure, hypertension, ischemia, as well as arrhythmias or QT prolongation, which can be life-threatening. Early detection of cardiotoxicity due to cancer treatment is crucial in the prevention of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in this group of patients. In this review we try to summarize the role of biomarkers in the detection of cardiotoxicity due to cancer treatment.
EN
As the world moves towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution, there is a need for formulations of neurophysiological biomarkers that ensure the accuracy of the diagnosis of visual perception dysfunction in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Biomarkers of visual perception dysfunction in ASD using EEG complements behavioral methods of diagnosis and allows for a more direct assessment of the dysfunction, identifying rapid, implicit neural processes that are not revealed through behavioral measures alone. This paper aims to review the neural biomarkers of the five domains of visual perception dysfunction (visual discrimination (VD), visual spatial relations (VSR), visual form constancy (VFC), visual memory (VM) and visual closure (VC)) in individuals with ASD. This paper shall help researchers gain new insight into the current trends and progress in EEG methods in ASD and discover gaps in the subject literature. A systematic literature search on PubMed was conducted to report findings of EEG studies that:1) assessed the severity levels in patients with ASD and 2) investigated the neural biomarkers of visual perception dysfunction in ASD. Spectral analysis, functional connectivity analysis and event-related potential (ERP) are useful in modern medicine to identify the biomarkers that distinguish the levels of the severity of visual perception dysfunction in ASD.
EN
The significant progress in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, translating into prolongation of overall survival results in the manifestation of long-term adverse events, like anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity. Despite the dose-dependent cardiac dysfunction and the presence of risk factors, the increasing probability of cardiotoxicity arises from individual predisposition. Identification of high- -risk patients gives the opportunity to implement the prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of cardiac complications. The study evaluated the utility of biomarkers: N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin I and electrocardiography with spatial QRS-T angle assessment, as indicators of individual sensitivity of cardiomyocytes to doxorubicin resulting in myocardial damage. Thirty-five treatment-naïve patients at increased risk of cardiotoxicity, were subjected prospectively during (R)-CHOP treatment to echocardiographic assessment and analysis of biomarkers: TnI and NT-proBNP plasma level and spatial QRS-T assessment before and 24 hours after each cycle of chemotherapy. The analysis of QRS-T angle was consistent with the results of NT-proBNP assessment and allowed to identify, after the first cycle of chemotherapy, patients at increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications, who require thorough echocardiographic analysis and primary cardioprotection implementation. Our data did not reveal the role of TnI in the identification of cardiac events. Our findings, though promising, should be confirmed in a larger group of patients in real-life or clinical trials.
Nukleonika
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2014
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vol. 59
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issue 4
145-151
EN
Purpose: Damage to vascular endothelial cells is a well recognised complication of the irradiation. Our objective was to determine the gamma-irradiation effect on the rat circulating endothelial cells (CEC). Material and methods: Eight-week old rats were divided into four groups: group 1 - rats were exposed to acute whole- -body gamma irradiation with a wide range of single doses (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 Gy), group 2 - rats were exposed to fractionated low doses of irradiation (0.1, 0.5 and 1 Gy) every three days for two months, group 3 as group 2, but followed by two months of rest, group 4 were control animals. CEC (CD146 positive cells) in group 1 were counted following CD146-based immuno-magnetic separation after one day and one week, as well as at the end of experiment in the other groups. Results: Quantified CEC showed that there was a dose-dependent reduction in CEC count in group 1 (one week after irradiation) and group 2. A partial re-population of CEC was observed at the end of experiment in both group 1 and group 2 compared to control group. Group 3 showed a significant increase in CEC levels as compared with group 2 without reaching the control level. Conclusion: The number of CEC (CD146 positive cells) in rats exposed to whole-body gamma irradiation was reduced in a dose-dependent manner and it partly recovered during the two-month interval after irradiation. We suggest that CEC count may be an indicator of the radiation-induced vascular damage.
EN
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding, single-stranded RNAs (19–25 nucleotides long) that regulate expression of multiple target genes, predominantly by binding to the 3′ untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, resulting either in translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. miRNAs are found in many bodily fluids, including plasma and serum, and are protected from degradation in the circulation through association with lipids, proteins, or microparticles, making them attractive disease biomarker candidates. Circulating levels of cardiac miRNAs (including miR-1, miR-133a, miR-208a, miR-208b, and miR-499) have been frequently reported as elevated in both coronary heart disease (CHD) and heart failure (HF) and have been proposed as candidate biomarkers that reflect the severity of myocardial injury. Subsequent large, array-based screening studies comparing patients and controls have identified altered expression of additional miRNAs, not just those of cardiac origin. However, among these studies there has been little consensus as to which miRNAs are top candidates for diagnosis or prognosis in either CHD or HF. The measurement of circulating miRNAs is further complicated by the timing of collection, especially after acute cardiac events while miRNA levels in blood may be rapidly changing; confounding influences from medications or contaminating blood cells at the time of sampling; and the need for standardization of normalization strategies. This review evaluates recent developments in the identification of circulating miRNAs as markers for diagnosis and prognosis in CHD and HF, and the methodological issues in measurement of circulating miRNAs.
EN
The search for stroke biomarkers has been initiated several years ago. Commonly available and sensitive biomarkers of stroke are still not available for the early diagnosis of this disease as well as for monitoring of its treatment. The ideal stroke biomarker should be very specific to differentiate stroke from other clinically similar diseases like complicated migraine, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), multiple sclerosis or posticus paralysis. Moreover, its concentration in the blood should correlate with the concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Additionally it should be detectable shortly after stroke clinical signs appearance and should allow to differentiate between TIA and stroke or ischaemic stroke with haemorrhagic stroke. Good stroke biomarker should be also an useful indicator of effectiveness of stroke treatment. In this review we present potential inflammatory biomarkers tested in stroke and their experimental models. The most commonly analysed inflammatory biomarkers are C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 1, 6, 8, metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular cell adhesionmolecule (ICAM) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Currently available results suggest that there are a few potentially interesting inflammatory biomarkers of stroke but still further studies are necessary to confirm their usefulness in this field.
PL
Od wielu lat prowadzone są poszukiwania biochemicznych markerów udaru mózgu. Wciąż brakuje jednak ogólnie dostępnego i wystarczająco czułego biomarkera udaru niedokrwiennego mózgu, którego obecność byłaby przydatna zarówno we wczesnej diagnostyce udaru, jak i w monitorowaniu skuteczności jego leczenia. Idealny biomarker udaru mózgu powinien charakteryzować się wysoką specyficznością (tzn. pozwolić na odróżnienie udaru od innych podobnych klinicznie chorób, takich jak: migrena skojarzona, przemijający atak niedokrwienny – transient ischaemic attack, TIA, porażenie ponapadowe czy stwardnienie rozsiane), być łatwo oznaczalny we krwi, a jego stężenie we krwi powinno korelować ze stężeniem w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym (PMR). Ponadto powinien pojawiać się w krótkim czasie od zachorowania i umożliwić różnicowanie TIA z udarem dokonanym, a udar krwotoczny – z niedokrwiennym oraz być wskaźnikiem prognostycznym dla oceny skuteczności leczenia. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiamy przegląd potencjalnych biomarkerów zapalnych badanych w klinicznym i doświadczalnym udarze niedokrwiennym mózgu. Najczęściej analizowanymi biomarkerami zapalnymi są: białko C-reaktywne (C-reactive protein, CRP), interleukiny 1, 6, 8, metaloproteinaza 9 (metalloproteinase 9, MMP-9), śródbłonkowy czynnik adhezji komórek-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VCAM-1), wewnątrzkomórkowy czynnik adhezji komórek (intracellular cell adhesion molecule, ICAM), czynnik martwicy nowotworów alfa (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α). Dostępne obecnie wyniki badań wskazują, że istnieje kilka potencjalnie interesujących biomarkerów zapalnych udaru mózgu, jednak niezbędne są dalsze badania, aby potwierdzić ich przydatność w tym zakresie.
19
26%
Aktualności Neurologiczne
|
2009
|
vol. 9
|
issue 2
109-115
EN
The critical analysis of current status in the search of optimal biomarkers in multiple sclerosis was performed. In many cases the clinical as well as MRI patterns are sufficient for the diagnosis. In dubious cases the impact of CSF studies is necessary demonstrating an increase of IgG index indicating an intrathecal production of this proteins as well as the presence of oligoclonal IgG bands. The intensive search for more specific biomarkers continues. However, till now the results are far from satisfactory ones and are not included into the accepted diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, the studies are of a great value for understanding of the disease pathomechanism. The increase of MBP level in the CSF represents a marker of demyelination. An increase in titres of antibodies recognizing myelin proteins manifests no diagnostic value due to significant level differences, similarly as the increase in expression of some cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. The same concerns the relative percentage of superficial antigens of blood mononuclears. Biomarkers tested as predictors of disease progress have a greater future. A very important scientific problem involves the question if it is possible to find genetic markers, which could predict a positive or negative therapeutic response to immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs. Such markers would signify a great advantage in the therapy of multiple sclerosis.
PL
Przeprowadzono krytyczną analizę stanu badań w zakresie poszukiwania optymalnych markerów w stwardnieniu rozsianym. W wielu przypadkach wystarczy analiza kliniczna i obraz tomografii rezonansu magnetycznego. W razie wątpliwości wiele wnosi badanie płynu mózgowo- rdzeniowego, podwyższony wskaźnik IgG wskazujący na syntezę tego białka wewnątrz przestrzeni płynowych oraz obecność prążków oligoklonalnych IgG. Nadal jednak trwają poszukiwania bardziej swoistych biomarkerów. Mimo swego znaczenia dla poznania patogenezy choroby jak dotychczas nie wszystkie próby są uwzględnione w przyjętych kryteriach diagnostycznych. W płynie mózgowo- rdzeniowym odnotowuje się podwyższony poziom białka zasadowego jako wyraz procesu demielinizacyjnego oraz podwyższony poziom przeciwciał rozpoznających białka mieliny. Wzrost miana przeciwciał w surowicy ma niewielką wartość diagnostyczną wobec dużych różnic w częstości ich występowania, podobnie jak wzrost poziomu niektórych cytokin, chemokin i molekuł adhezyjnych. To samo dotyczy odsetkowych wartości antygenów powierzchniowych komórek jednojądrzastych krwi. Biomarkery próbuje się wykorzystywać do rokowania co do postępu choroby. Bardzo ważnym kierunkiem badawczym jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy można określić markery genetyczne decydujące o pozytywnym wyniku lub braku odpowiedzi terapeutycznej przy stosowaniu leków immunosupresyjnych i immunomodulacyjnych. Pozytywne wyniki w tym zakresie stanowić będą istotny postęp w terapii stwardnienia rozsianego.
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