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Wpływ zastosowania biodiesla oraz jego mieszanek z olejem napędowym na emisję lotnych węglowodorów aromatycznych

100%
Prokopowicz A., Zaciera M., Szczotka A., Sobczak A.
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine
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2013
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vol. 16
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issue 4
57-63
EN
Background: In recent times, the emphasis is placed on the use of renewable fuels as well as biodiesel as an attractive alternative to conventional diesel fuel. Due to the fact that the impact of biodiesel on various chemical compounds exhaust emissions is not completely characterized, we have evaluated the emissions of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to biodiesel content in conventional diesel fuel. Material and methods: In the study we have assessed the emission of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylens during New European Driving Cycle NEDC for a passenger car with a diesel engine using the following fuels: 100% diesel fuel (B0), 100% rapeseed methyl esters (B100), 7, 15 and 30% rapeseed methyl esters in diesel fuel (B7, B15, B30), and 30% hydrotreated vegetable oil in diesel fuel (HVO30). Results: Among all determined compounds, benzene and toluene were emitted in the largest quantities. Higher emissions were determined during urban driving cycle then during extraurban driving cycle. A clear trend was observed when along with increasing amount of added rapeseed methyl esters the emission increased. However, additive of HVO decreased the emission of the most volatile aromatic compounds even when compared to conventional diesel fuel. During extra-urban driving cycle the emission was significantly lower and comparable for most fuels tested. Nevertheless in the context of conventional diesel fuel, lower emission for fuels with biodiesel was observed. Conclusion: The results have indicated the increase in benzene and toluene exhaust emissions mostly during urban driving cycle and its decrease during extra-urban driving cycle in NEDC test with increasing content of fatty acids methyl esters in diesel fuel. The emission in urban cycle was probably influenced by cold-start condition during this cycle. Generation of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons may be related to higher density of fuel with biodiesel in comparison to density of diesel oil or higher amount of unsaturated bounds in these fuels. Additives of HVO to diesel fuel appeared to be very effective on exhaust emission of aromatic hydrocarbons.
PL
Wstęp: W ostatnim czasie kładzie się nacisk na stosowanie paliw odnawialnych a biodiesel jest atrakcyjną alternatywą dla konwencjonalnego oleju napędowego. Z uwagi na fakt, że wpływ zawartości biodiesla na emisję poszczególnych związków chemicznych nie jest w pełni scharakteryzowany, ocenialiśmy emisję lekkich węglowodorów aromatycznych w zależności od ilości dodanego biodiesla w konwencjonalnym oleju napędowym. Materiał i metody: W pracy przeprowadzono badania emisji benzenu, etylobenzenu, toluenu i ksylenów podczas nowego europejskiego cyklu jezdnego NEDC samochodu osobowego wyposażonego w silnik Diesla z zastosowaniem paliw o następującym składzie: 100% oleju napędowego (B0), 100% estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych oleju rzepakowego (B100), 7, 15, i 30% bioestru w oleju napędowym (B7, B15, B30), oraz 30% uwodornionych olejów roślinnych w oleju napędowym (HVO30). Wyniki: Spośród oznaczanych związków benzen i toluen były emitowane w największej ilości. Wyższe emisje oznaczanych węglowodorów występowały podczas cyklu miejskiego w porównaniu do cyklu pozamiejskiego testu, przy czym zaznaczył się wyraźny trend w kierunku wzrostu tych stężeń wraz ze wzrostem zawartości w paliwie bioestru. Natomiast dodatek HVO znacząco obniżył emisję większości oznaczanych związków nawet w porównaniu do konwencjonalnego oleju napędowego. W cyklu pozamiejskim emisja oznaczanych węglowodorów była znacznie niższa i porównywalna dla większości badanych paliw. Jednak w odniesieniu do konwencjonalnego oleju napędowego zaobserwowano obniżenie emisji badanych związków dla paliw z zawartością biodiesla. Wnioski: Wyniki badań wskazują na wzrost emisji zwłaszcza benzenu i toluenu w cyklu miejskim oraz jej spadek w cyklu pozamiejskim testu NEDC wraz ze wzrostem zawartości estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych w oleju napędowym. Na emisję w cyklu miejskim największy wpływ miały prawdopodobnie warunki związane z zimnym rozruchem silnika występujące podczas tego cyklu. Powstawanie szkodliwych węglowodorów aromatycznych można tłumaczyć większymi gęstościami paliwa z dodatkiem biodiesla w porównaniu do gęstości samego oleju napędowego lub także występowaniem w nich większej ilości wiązań nienasyconych. Dodatek HVO do oleju napędowego miał najbardziej pozytywny wpływ na emisję badanych węglowodorów aromatycznych.
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Optimization Of Protocol For Biodiesel Production Of Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum L.) Oil

100%
Ullah F., Bano A., Ali S.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2013
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vol. 15
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issue 1
74-77
EN
Attempts were made to optimize variables affecting the yield of linseed oil biodiesel in a base catalyzed transesterification reaction. The variables studied were reaction temperature (40-70oC), catalyst (NaOH) concentration (0.1-1.5%) and reaction time (30-180 min). The conversion of linseed oil into methyl esters was confirmed through analytical methods like 1H NMR, gas chromatography (GC) and refractometer. The maximum biodiesel yield (97±1.045% w/w) was obtained at 0.5% catalyst concentration, 65oC temperature, 180 min reaction time and 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil. 1H NMR confirmed the practically obtained % conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters which was further evidenced by refractometer analyses. The refractive index of biodiesel samples was lower than pure linseed oil. GC analysis confirmed the presence of linolenic acid (C18:3) as the dominant fatty acid (68 wt. %) followed by oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and stearic acid (C18:0) respectively. The physical properties of linseed oil biodiesel like specific gravity (0.90 g/cm3) and flash point (177oC) were higher than American Society for Testing and Materials standards (ASTM 6751) for biodiesel. However, kinematic viscosity (3.752 mm2/s) was in the range of ASTM standards.
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Optimization of rapeseed oil fatty acid esterification with methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid

88%
Brinks J., Malins K., Kampars V., Prilucka J., Apseniece L.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2013
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vol. 15
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issue 4
54-59
EN
The interest in biodiesel production from low cost feedstocks is still increasing. Such feedstocks usually contain large amounts of free fatty acids, which make the currently employed base catalysts inefficient, thereby promoting the use of acid catalysts. Due to the high activity and low cost, sulfuric acid could become the most widely used acid catalyst for biodiesel production. Research undertaken so far using sulfuric acid for esterifi cation of fatty acids has shown that the products obtained fail to meet the requirements of the standard EN 14214. This paper describes a systematic study of rapeseed oil fatty acids esterification in order to obtain a product complying with the standard EN 14214. The influence of sulfuric acid concentrations (0.1-3.0%), methanol molar ratios (1:1-20:1) and reaction time (0-360 min) was evaluated. Finally, a two-stage esterification process was developed, where in optimal conditions esterification yield of 97.8% and ester content of 99.6% were achieved.
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Glycerol steam reforming over ceria-zirconia supported metallic catalysts

88%
Cichy M.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio AA – Chemia
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2019
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vol. 74
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issue 1
EN
Glycerol is a main by-product of transesterification reaction of plants oils to its methyl esters which are used as a substitute or as an additive to diesel fuel. Still growing so-called biodiesel production leads to large amounts of glycerol fraction flooding the market. One of the possible ways of its utilization is steam reforming reaction which main product is synthesis gas containing high concentration of hydrogen for which is still growing demand. In this work four metallic (Ni, Pt, Ru and Re) catalysts supported on ceria-zirconia mixed oxides have been investigated in glycerol steam reforming reaction.
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Uncommon applications of statistical methods of the design of experiments in chemical technology and environment protection

75%
Lewandowski G., Ćwirko J.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2007
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vol. 9
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issue 4
63-67
EN
The review of literature related to the applications of statistic methods of design of experiments in chemical technology and environment protection was presented in the work. The research that consists of two stages: a stage of choosing the best variables describing an experimental object and a stage of proper experimental investigation, seems particularly interesting.An interesting example of an application of statistical strategies in environmental protection is the optimization of photoactivity of TiO2/SiO2 mixture, received by a sol-gel technique. TiO2, due to its specific feature, was applied in the photocatalytic methods of removing toxic compounds from water and air. In the experiments there were used two designs - the fractional factorial design 25-1 (as the elimination one) and the central composite design (as the proper one). Following the data analysis from the elimination plan two variables were eliminated, which helped to simplify the research object.Among other uncommon applications of the design of experiments: the optimization of the conditions for the extraction of natural pigments used in dyeing food, the production of fatty acid methyl esters used as diesel oil substitutes (biodiesel) and the optimization of a supercritical fluid extraction methodology for the analysis of castor oil, should be mentioned.
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Biotechnological conversion of glycerol from biofuels to 1,3-propanediol using Escherichia coli

75%
Przystałowska H., Lipiński D., Słomski R.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2015
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vol. 62
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issue 1
23-34
EN
In the face of shortage of fossil fuel supplies and climate warming triggered by excessive carbon dioxide emission, alternative resources for chemical industry have gained considerable attention. Renewable resources and their derivatives are of particular interest. Glycerol, which constitutes one of the by-products during biodiesel production, is such a substrate. Thus, generated excess glycerol may become an environmental problem, since it cannot be disposed of in the environment. The most promising products obtained from glycerol are polyols, including 1,3-propanediol, an important substrate in the production of synthetic materials, e.g. polyurethanes, unsaturated polyesters, and epoxy resins. Glycerol can be used as a carbon and energy source for microbial growth in industrial microbiology to produce 1,3-propanediol. This paper is a review of metabolic pathways of native producers and E. coli with the acquired ability to produce the diol via genetic manipulations. Culture conditions during 1,3-PDO production and genetic modifications of E. coli used in order to increase efficiency of glycerol bioconversion are also described in this paper.
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Possibilities of utilizing the solid by-products of biodiesel production - a review

75%
Gąsiorek E., Wilk M.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2011
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vol. 13
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issue 1
58-62
EN
As a consequence of the intended rise in the volume of the biodiesel produced by the member states of the European Union, predominantly from rapeseeds and sunflower seeds, the quantity of the by-products being generated, e.g. glycerol, rapeseed/sunflower seed straw and rapeseed/sunflower seed meal, will increase dramatically. It is therefore recommendable to find effective methods for their processing or utilization in order to reduce the costs of biodiesel production without polluting the environment by excessive wastes. As the utilization of glycerol has often been addressed in the literature1, the aim of our study is to describe the potentiality for utilizing the solid by-products of biodiesel production, namely rapeseed/sunflower straw and rapeseed/ sunflower seed meal.
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1,3-propanediol production by Escherichia coli expressing genes of dha operon from Clostridium butyricum 2CR371.5

75%
Dąbrowski S., Pietrewicz-Kubicz D., Zabłotna E., Długołęcka A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2012
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vol. 59
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issue 3
357-361
EN
1,3-propanediol is used as a monomer in the production of some polymers e.g. polytrimethylene terephthalate used in the production of carpets and textile fibers and in the thermoplastics engineering. However, the traditional chemical synthesis is expensive, generates some toxic intermediates and requires a reduction step under high hydrogen pressure. Biological production of 1,3-propanediol could be an attractive alternative to the traditional chemical methods. Moreover, crude glycerol which is a by-product of biodiesel production, can be used. We constructed a recombinant Escherichia coli strain producing 1,3-propanediol from glycerol by introducing genes of the dha operon from Clostridium butyricum 2CR371.5, a strain from our collection of environmental samples and strains. The E. coli strain produced 3.7 g of 1,3-propanediol per one litre of culture with the yield of 0.3 g per 1 g of glycerol consumed.
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Determination of the distillation parameters of the milesPLUS® diesel fuel comprising a bio-component in the form of methyl esters of corn oil

75%
Pracuch B., Wcisło G.
Teka Commission of Motorization and Power Industry in Agriculture
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2016
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vol. 16
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issue 4
10
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Screening of environmental samples for bacteria producing 1,3-propanediol from glycerol

75%
Dąbrowski S., Zabłotna E., Pietrewicz-Kubicz D., Długołęcka A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2012
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vol. 59
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issue 3
353-356
EN
Twenty nine environmental samples were screened for the presence of anaerobic microorganisms fermenting glycerol with 1,3-propanediol as a final product. Seven samples were then selected for the next step of our research and eight bacteria strains were cultured anaerobically. Seven of them produced 1,3-propanediol with a yield of 0.47-0.58. Six of the the isolated microorganisms were then classified as Clostridium butyricum (four strains), C. lituseburense (one strain), and C. sartagoforme (one strain). We suggest that of all these strains C. butyricum 2CR371.5 is the best 1,3-propanediol producer as producing no lactate as a by-product and growing well on a glycerol-containing medium.
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Rapeseed pellet - a byproduct of biodiesel production - as an excellent renewable energy source / Wytłoki rzepakowe - produkt uboczny w produkcji biodiesla - jako doskonałe źródło energii odnawialnej

71%
Klugmann-Radziemska E., Ciunel K.
Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology
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2013
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vol. 18
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issue 1-2
109-119
EN
Vegetable oils are renewable feedstock currently being used for production of biofuels from sustainable biomass resources. The existing technology for producing diesel fuel from plant oils, such as rapeseed, soybean, canola and palm oil are largely centered on transesterification of oils with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or biodiesel. Rapeseed pellet - crushed seed residue from oil extraction is a byproduct of biodiesel production process. As other types of biomass, it can either be burned directly in furnaces or processed to increase its energetic value. The interest to use different types of biomass as fuels has grown rapidly during the last years as a mean to reduce the CO2 emissions of energy production. Biomass is renewable, abundant and has domestic usage, the sources of biomass can help the world reduce its dependence on petroleum products and natural gas. Energetically effective utilization of rapeseed pellet could substantially improve the economic balance of an individual household in which biodiesel for fulfilling the producer’s own energetic demand is obtained. In this article the experimental results of analyzing the emissions levels of different pollutants in exhaust fumes during different stages of biomass boiler operation were presented. It has been proved that that the pellet, a byproduct of biodiesel production, is an excellent renewable and environmentally-friendly energy source, especially viable for use in household tap water heating installations.
PL
Oleje roślinne są obecnie - jako surowce odnawialne - wykorzystywane do produkcji biopaliw. Produktem odpadowym w produkcji biopaliw z roślin oleistych są wytłoki roślinne, pozostałe po uzyskaniu oleju metodą mechaniczną lub chemiczną. Odpady te, zwane też makuchami lub pelletem, mogą być wykorzystane jako dodatkowe źródło energii (np. do ogrzewania pomieszczeń) w gospodarstwach rolnych lub domowych. Zainteresowanie stosowaniem różnych rodzajów biomasy jako paliwa gwałtownie wzrosło w ostatnich latach i traktowane jest jako sposób na zmniejszenie emisji CO2 w procesie produkcji energii, a także na ograniczenie zależności od produktów naftowych i gazu ziemnego. Tak jak inne rodzaje biomasy, pellet rzepakowy może być albo spalany bezpośrednio w piecach, albo przetwarzany w celu zwiększenia jego wartości energetycznej. Energetycznie efektywne wykorzystanie odpadu rzepakowego może znacznie poprawić równowagę ekonomiczną indywidualnego gospodarstwa domowego, w którym biodiesel produkowany jest dla zaspokojenia własnego zapotrzebowania. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych analizy poziomu emisji substancji, zawartych w spalinach, podczas różnych etapów pracy kotła na biomasę. Udowodniono, że pellet, produkt uboczny produkcji biodiesla, jest doskonałym odnawialnym i przyjaznym dla środowiska źródłem energii, szczególnie opłacalnym do stosowania w instalacjach centralnego ogrzewania i podgrzewania wody użytkowej w gospodarstwach rolnych.
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Comparative performance with different versions of low heat rejection combustion chambers with crude rice bran oil

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Murali Krishna M. V. S., Prasada R. N. D., Anjeneya P. B., Murthy P. V. K., Murali Krishna M. V. S., Prasada R. N. D., Anjeneya P. B., Murthy P. V. K.
Archive of Mechanical Engineering
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 4
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