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Biochemistry of wastes recycling

100%
EN
Waste is an unwanted byproduct of human actions that physically contains the same substance as the valuable product. Waste is produced as a result of inefficient manufacturing processes, and its constant creation results in a waste of critical resources. Recycling is the conversion of waste materials into new materials and things, and a material's recyclability is determined by its ability to regain the attributes it had in its virgin or original state. Waste is divided into broad categories depending on its environmental impact (hazardous and non-hazardous waste), physical state (solid, liquid, and gaseous waste), and source. Biological reprocessing, energy recovery, and physical reprocessing are some of the waste recycling processes available. The purpose of waste management is to create sanitary living circumstances in order to limit the quantity of garbage that enters and leaves society while also encouraging the reuse of waste. Fermentation of organic waste, anaerobic digestion, bioleaching, biosorption, and bioreduction are examples of biochemical waste recycling technologies. We review to provide adequate and concise information on the biochemistry of waste management.
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A Half Century of Scientific Research in Field Hockey

75%
Human Movement
|
2011
|
vol. 12
|
issue 2
108-123
EN
Purpose. Using databases available on the Internet, the number of scientific papers on the subject of field hockey were examined. Basic procedures. As a result, 208 scientific studies covering the fields of biochemistry, physiology, sport injuries, psychology and tactics were found, which were published within the last 50 years (from 1960 to 2010). Despite the popularity of field hockey and its status as an Olympic sport, the number of scientific studies which focused on field hockey was much smaller when compared to the amount of publications on other team sports, such as soccer, basketball, or baseball. Main findings. It was found that the greatest number of publications (61.06%) originated from five English-speaking countries (UK, USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand), with the majority focusing on sport psychology, injuries and biochemistry. What was discovered was that the vast majority of scientific studies used field hockey merely as a reference point in comparison to other team sports. Conclusions. The varying topic diversity of the scientific studies found among the databases significantly hinders an effective comparison of findings, especially considering that most of the studies focused on only a few selected aspects of the problem matter and were chiefly small sample studies, nor were they repeated.
PL
Wstęp. Słuchanie muzyki jest skutecznym sposobem na redukcję niepokoju, napięcia psychicznego i poprawę nastroju u ludzi, którzy często doświadczają zmartwień, czują się zagrożeni lub antycypują zagrożenia lub stresujące zdarzenia. Niewiele wiadomo o wpływie słuchania muzyki zarówno na biochemiczne jak i percepcyjne odpowiedzi na intensywny trening interwałowy wśród kobiet uprawiających sporty walki. Celem tego badania było sprawdzenie hipotezy, że słuchanie odpowiedniej muzyki podczas treningu obniża psychofizjologiczne markery stresu. Materiał i metody. 16 zawodniczek boksu, seniorek wzięło udział w dwóch 1-godzinnych intensywnych sesjach treningowych oddzielonych od siebie 3 dniami. Sesje miały te same struktury, intensywności i obciążenia. Sportowcy zostali przydzieleni do dwóch równych podgrup i wykonywali jedną sesję ze specjalnie wybraną muzyką taneczną (MS) i jedną bez niej (nie-MS). Próbki krwi kapilarnej pobrano bezpośrednio przed i po treningu. W próbkach osocza oznaczono kortyzol (C), glukozę (Glu), a we krwi mleczan (LA). 10-punktowa skala została wykorzystana do samodzielnej oceny odczuwanego wysiłku (RPE). Wyniki. Kiedy sesji treningowej towarzyszyła muzyka, przyrosty C i Glu i po wysiłkowe wartości RPE były znacząco niższe. Wpływ muzyki na LA nie był statystycznie istotny. Wnioski.. Obniżona reaktywność markerów stresu wysiłkowego, takich jak poziom C, Glu i wyniki RPE w odpowiedzi na trening z preferowaną muzyką potwierdziła korzystny wpływ używania muzyki u zawodniczek wykonujących intensywny trening. Zmniejszenie psychologicznego składnika stresu wysiłkowego może poprawić tolerancję treningu.
EN
Background. Music listening is a helpful way for reduction of psychological tension state anxiety, and improvement of mood state in humans, who often experience worries, threats or anticipating stressful events. Few is known about effect of music listening on both biochemical and perceptual responses to high intensity interval training session among females practicing combat sports. The purpose of this study was to verify hypothesis that listening music during training lowers psycho-physiological stress markers. Material and methods. 16 female boxers took part in two 1-hour high intensive interval training separated 3 day apart. These sessions were of the same structures, loads, intensities. Athletes were assigned into two equal sub-groups and performed sessions with special selected dance music (MS) and without it (non-MS) Capillary blood samples were taken directly before and after training. Plasma cortisol (C), glucose (Glu) and blood lactate (LA) were determined in the samples.10-point scale was used for self-reported Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Results. When the training session was accompanied music, the post-session increments of C and Glu and post-session RPE were significantly lower. The impact of music on LA was not statistically significant. Conclusions. The lowered reactivity of markers of exercise stress such as C, Glu levels and RPE scores in response to training with preferred music confirmed beneficial effect of music use in female athletes performing an intensive workout. This reduction of psychological component of exercise stress may improve a training tolerance.
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