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Autophagy - Adaptive Molecular Mechanisms in Condition of Starvation

100%
Pedrycz A., Tomasiak M., Cichacz B.
Polish Hyperbaric Research
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2015
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vol. 52
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issue 3
71-73
EN
Autophagy is an extremely old process during which long-lived proteins and cellular organelles are removed by means of lysosomes. Autophagy may be caused by cellular stress mechanisms. Research has proven that autophagy plays a key role in obtaining nutrients and adapting to the conditions of starvation. Owing to this, it takes part in maintaining homeostasis in cytoplasm and cell nucleus. This objective may be achieved through a number of ways. Depending on the manner in which a substrate connects with the lysosome, we can talk about macroautophagy and microautophagy. Additionally, some authors also distinguish a chaperone-mediated autophagy. The article presented below describes molecular mechanisms of each type of autophagy and focuses particularly on macroautophagy, which is the best understood of all the autophagy types.
2
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Human hAtg2A protein expressed in yeast is recruited to preautophagosomal structure but does not complement autophagy defects of atg2Δ strain

100%
Romanyuk D., Polak A., Maleszewska A., Sieńko M., Grynberg M., Żołądek T.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2011
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vol. 58
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issue 3
365-374
EN
Yeast ScAtg2, an autophagy-related protein, is highly conserved in other fungi and has two homologues in humans, one of which is hAtg2A encoded by the hATG2A/KIAA0404 gene. Region of homology between Atg2 and hAtg2A proteins comprises the C-terminal domain. We used yeast atg2D strain to express the GFP-KIAA0404 gene, its fragment or fusions with yeast ATG2, and study their effects on autophagy. The GFP-hAtg2A protein localized to punctate structures, some of which colocalized with Ape1-RFP-marked preautophagosomal structure (PAS), but it did not restore autophagy in atg2Δ cells. N-terminal fragment of Atg2 and N-terminal fragment of hAtg2A were sufficient for PAS recruitment but were not sufficient to function in autophagy. Neither a fusion of the N-terminal fragment of hAtg2A with C-terminal domain of Atg2 nor a reciprocal fusion were functional in autophagy. hAtg2A, in contrast to yeast Atg2, did not show interaction with the yeast autophagy protein Atg9 but both Atg2 proteins showed interaction with Atg18, a phospholipid-binding protein, in two-hybrid system. Moreover, deletion of ATG18 abrogated PAS recruitment of hAtg2A. Our results show that human hAtg2A can not function in autophagy in yeast, however, it is recruited to the PAS, possibly due to the interaction with Atg18.
3
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Cellular metabolism and lysosomal mTOR signaling

75%
Nnah I. C., Khayati K., Dobrowolski R.
Cell death in therapy
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2014
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vol. 1
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issue 1
EN
Over the last few years extensive studies have linked the activity of mTORC1 to lysosomal function. These observations propose an intriguing integration of cellular catabolism, sustained by lysosomes, with anabolic processes, largely controlled by mTORC1. Interestingly, lysosomal function directly affects mTORC1 activity and is regulated by ZKSCAN3 and TFEB, two transcription factors and substrates of mTORC1. Thus, the lysosomal mTOR signaling complex represents a hub of cellular energy metabolism, and its dysregulation may lead to a number of human diseases. Here, we discuss the recent developments and highlight the open questions in this growing field.
4
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Advances in immunotherapy for osteosarcoma: a review of emerging treatment strategies

75%
Poboży K., Domański P., Domańska J., Konarski W., Poboży T.
OncoReview
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2023
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vol. 13
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issue 3
75-84
EN
Advances in immunotherapy for osteosarcoma have shown promising results, with the use of monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. These strategies are aimed at targeting specific molecules and pathways involved in tumour immune evasion and promoting anti-tumour immune responses. Other emerging immunotherapeutic approaches include autophagy and pyroptosis induction, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, gadolinium-bisphosphonate nanoparticles and dendritic cell-based vaccines. Continued research into these emerging treatment strategies is essential for developing effective therapies for patients with high-grade osteosarcoma.
5
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From recordings of disulfide isomerases in action to reversal of maladaptive endoplasmic reticulum stress responses: proceedings on the ER & Redox Club Meeting held in Venice, April 2015

63%
van Anken E.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Diseases
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2015
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vol. 2
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issue 1
EN
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) interacts and cooperates with other organelles as a central hub in cellular homeostasis. In particular, the ER is the first station along the secretory pathway, where client proteins fold and assemble before they travel to their final destination elsewhere in the endomembrane system or outside the cell. Protein folding and disulfide bond formation go hand in hand in the ER, a task that is achieved with the help of ER-resident chaperones and other folding factors, including oxidoreductases that catalyze disulfide bond formation. Yet, when their combined effort is in vain, client proteins that fail to fold are disposed of through ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The ER folding and ERAD machineries can be boosted through the unfolded protein response (UPR) if required. Still, protein folding in the ER may consistently fail when proteins are mutated due to a genetic defect, which, ultimately, can lead to disease. Novel developments in all these fields of study and how new insights ultimately can be exploited for clinical or biotechnological purposes were highlighted in a rich variety of presentations at the ER & Redox Club Meeting that was held in Venice from 15 to 17 April 2015. As such, the meeting provided the participants an excellent opportunity to mingle and discuss key advancements and outstanding questions on ER function in health and disease.
6
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Procesy patologiczne w mózgu podczas jego niedokrwienia

45%
Justyna Kacperska M., Jastrzębski K., Głąbiński A.
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2013
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vol. 13
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issue 1
16-23
EN
Stroke to the present is one of the most common causes of death and permanent disability. Ischemic stroke (ischemic stroke called IS) is not only a dangerous disease because of its high mortality rate, but also because of a disability in patients who do survive, which represents approximately 76% of cases. It is a heterogeneous disease entity, which is a set of symptoms caused by focal ischemia or bleeding into the brain tissue caused by a wide variety of reasons. There are two types of strokes: haemorrhagic and ischemic. Haemorrhagic strokes account for 20% of all strokes, the other 80% are ischemic strokes. Stroke is a systemic disease, mainly resulting from vascular pathology. It plays a huge role in atherosclerosis and the mechanisms involved. The disease process affects the whole of the body, not just the cerebral vessels. From the point of view of pathological, ischemic stroke is the rapidly developing neurodegenerative process that leads to cell death. This disease is beyond the vascular damage, induces cell-molecular immune response to central nervous system and the vascular system, aimed at the development of the inflammatory response. The activated cells of the brain and vascular cells are involved in the synthesis of various molecules, among others. cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and inflammatory enzymes. Continues to grow numerous reports confirming the importance of inflammatory factors in the development of ischemic stroke. In this process, the blood-brain barrier plays an important role. At the cellular level it is the main line of microglia immune surveillance of the central nervous system, which is responsible for the induction of the inflammatory response in stroke. In stroke, a sudden change in the expression of cytokines proceeds, which reveal the neurodegenerative effects of inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines neuroprotective effect. Processes occurring in the brain during ischemia are very complicated and is not involved in a number of factors.
PL
Udar mózgu (stroke) jest obecnie jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn zgonów i trwałego kalectwa. Udar niedokrwienny mózgu (ischaemic stroke, IS) jest niebezpieczną chorobą nie tylko ze względu na dużą śmiertelność, ale również z powodu niepełnosprawności u pacjentów, którzy go przeżywają (około 76% przypadków). Jest to niejednorodna jednostka chorobowa, będąca zespołem objawów ogniskowych powstałych w wyniku niedokrwienia lub krwotoku do tkanki mózgowej spowodowanych wieloma różnymi przyczynami. Rozróżniamy dwa typy udarów mózgowych: krwotoczne i niedokrwienne. Udary krwotoczne stanowią 15% wszystkich udarów, pozostałe 80% to udary niedokrwienne. Udar mózgu jest chorobą ogólnoustrojową, głównie wynikającą z patologii naczyniowej. Ogromną rolę odgrywa tu miażdżyca i mechanizmy z nią związane. Proces chorobowy dotyczy całego organizmu, a nie tylko naczyń mózgowych. Z punktu widzenia patologii udar niedokrwienny mózgu jest dynamicznie rozwijającym się procesem neurodegeneracyjnym, który prowadzi do śmierci komórek (cell death). Oprócz uszkodzenia naczyniopochodnego choroba ta indukuje komórkowo-molekularną odpowiedź immunologiczną ośrodkowego układu nerwowego i układu naczyniowego, ukierunkowaną na rozwój reakcji zapalnej. Aktywowane komórki mózgu, a także komórki układu naczyniowego zaangażowane są w syntezę różnych molekuł, m.in. cytokin, chemokin, cząsteczek adhezyjnych oraz enzymów prozapalnych. Ciągle rośnie liczba doniesień potwierdzających duże znaczenie czynników zapalnych w rozwoju udaru niedokrwiennego mózgu. W procesie tym znaczącą rolę odgrywa bariera krew-mózg. Na poziomie komórkowym mikroglej stanowi główną linię nadzoru immunologicznego nad ośrodkowym układem nerwowym, odpowiedzialną za indukcję reakcji zapalnej w udarze mózgu. W udarze mózgu następuje gwałtowna zmiana ekspresji cytokin, które ujawniają neurodegeneracyjny efekt cytokin prozapalnych oraz neuroprotekcyjny efekt cytokin antyzapalnych. Procesy zachodzące w mózgu podczas jego niedokrwienia są bardzo skomplikowane i wiele czynników jest w nie zaangażowanych.
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