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1

ASSESSMENT OF ANAEROBIC ENDURANCE BASED ON SELECTED BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN 400 M/400 M HURDLES MALE ATHLETES

100%

Stolecka-Warzecha A., Kaczmarczyk T., Żebrowska A.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2016

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vol. 14

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issue 2

101 - 110

EN

The ongoing development of the modern society may also be easily noticed in sports. Currently, to be able to compete at the highest level at major sporting events, it is essential to conduct scientific research to estimate the individual potential and skill level of an athlete. The aim of this study was to assess the anaerobic endurance in men competing in the running events of 400 m/400 m hurdles based on the estimation of maximum power, as well as selected biochemical and physiological parameters measured in a cardiac stress test at a supramaximal intensity. Seven athletes participated in the study and were subjected to a modified version of the Wingate test (Bar-Or, Dotan, Inbar, 1997; Bar-Or, Inbar, Skinder, 1996) which involved performing three runs of a 12‑second endurance test on a cycloergometer at short intervals. This modification of the test allowed a more precise observation and a better understanding of the physiological and biochemical changes that decrease the efficiency as a result of repeated physical effort, which may significantly affect the assessment of the preparation of an athlete, and thus the assessment of the training process. The most significant changes in the course of the conducted study were observed in the values of the following biochemical parameters: glucose levels, acid–base balance of the blood and lactate levels.

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Running preparation and the final decathlon score in terms of sports career development

100%

Dziadek B., Iskra J., Przednowek K.

Physical Activity Review

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2016

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vol. 4

115-123

EN

Introduction: Success in decathlon contests is achieved by athletes of all ages - from 18 to almost 40 yea rs. The development and importance of individual competitions in the final point score have changed during many years of sports ontogenesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes taking place in sports performance level within the decathlon runn ing competitions and their impact on the final result during the long - term sports championship (sports career) development. Materials and methods: In the analysis, data concerning the "sports ontogenesis” of the world’s best decathletes (N = 25, mean score 8198 points) were used. The final point score and results in three running competitions, i.e. 100, 400 and 1500m runs were taken into account. In the evaluation of sports championship development, four stages were singled out: junior (up to 19 years), yout h (to 23 years), the age in which the best results are achieved (up to 30 years), and the final stage of sports championship (decrease of the performance level - 31 years and more). The changes in performance level were evaluated based on analysis of varia nce (ANOVA), the relationship between the partial results (runs) and the final score (decathlon) was evaluated based on the Pearson correlation analysis. Results: The calculated values of correlation coefficient showed that there is a relationship between the results achieved in the running events and the total score at the individual stages of athletes’ sports development. The highest Pearson correlation values in all researched periods were determined for the 400m run (|r xy | > 0.59 ; p < 0.05) . Additionall y, at the third stage of sports career development (stage, at which athletes achieve the best results), the final score is also impacted by the level of results achieved at the distance of 100m. The correlation values for distances of 100 and 400m, are at this stage comparable and are approx. |r xy | = 0.6. Conclusions: The greatest impact on the final score achieved by decathletes at all stages of their sports career is running preparation over the distance of 400m.

3

Sex Differences in Growth and Performance of Track and Field Athletes 11-15 Years

88%

Malina R., Sławinska T., Ignasiak Z., Rożek K., Kochan K., Domaradzki J., Fugiel J.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2010

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vol. 24

79-85

EN

Objective: To evaluate sex differences in functional performances of youth track and field athletes.Methods: Four tests of functional capacity were administered to 309 youth 11-15 years training for track and field at sport schools, 136 boys and 173 girls. Grip strength, standing long jump, 2 kg medicine ball throw and 20 m sprint were measured; height, weight and adiposity were also. Two age groups were compared, 11-13 and 14-15 years. ANCOVA was used to test sex differences by age group in the total sample (disciplines combined) and specific disciplines; age, height and weight were covariates.Results: For the total sample, males in both age groups performed better than females in the four tests but sex differences were greater among 14-15 year olds. Within disciplines, sex differences among sprinters and middle distance and distance runners were greater at 14-15 years. Results varied for general athletics; the magnitude of sex differences was similar for strength in both age groups, greater for the throw at 11-13 years and greater for the jump and sprint at 14-15 years.Conclusion: Although sex differences in performance were apparent among athletes 11-13 years, they were greater among athletes 14-15 years, reflecting to a large extent the male adolescent spurt in body size, muscle mass, strength and power. Sex differences were more established in sprinters and middle distance and distance runners, and more variable in participants in general athletics.

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The Effects of a Maximal Power Training Cycle on the Strength, Maximum Power, Vertical Jump Height and Acceleration of High-Level 400-Meter Hurdlers

88%

Balsalobre-Fernández C., Tejero-González C. M., Campo-Vecino J. d., Alonso-Curiel D.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2013

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vol. 36

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issue 1

119-126

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a power training cycle on maximum strength, maximum power, vertical jump height and acceleration in seven high-level 400-meter hurdlers subjected to a specific training program twice a week for 10 weeks. Each training session consisted of five sets of eight jump-squats with the load at which each athlete produced his maximum power. The repetition maximum in the half squat position (RM), maximum power in the jump-squat (W), a squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CSJ), and a 30-meter sprint from a standing position were measured before and after the training program using an accelerometer, an infra-red platform and photocells. The results indicated the following statistically significant improvements: a 7.9% increase in RM (Z=-2.03, p=0.021, δc=0.39), a 2.3% improvement in SJ (Z=-1.69, p=0.045, δc=0.29), a 1.43% decrease in the 30-meter sprint (Z=-1.70, p=0.044, δc=0.12), and, where maximum power was produced, a change in the RM percentage from 56 to 62% (Z=-1.75, p=0.039, δc=0.54). As such, it can be concluded that strength training with a maximum power load is an effective means of increasing strength and acceleration in high-level hurdlers.

5

The Estimation of the RAST Test Usefulness in Monitoring the Anaerobic Capacity of Sprinters in Athletics

75%

Adamczyk J.

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

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2011

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vol. 18

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issue 3

214-218

EN

Introduction. In athletic high-speed-forced competitions one of basic monitored parameters of the preparation is the level of the anaerobic capacity. The aim of the work was the qualification of the usefulness of the RAST (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test) in the estimation of the anaerobic capacity of athletes of sprint athletic competitions. Material and methods. 37 athletes (12 Female and 25 Male) specializing in sprint racing (100 m, 100 m hurdles, 110 m hurdles, 200 m) and the prolonged sprint (400 m and 400 m hurdles) partook in the research. The anaerobic capacity was evaluated by means of the RAST test and the Wingate test. Results. In the RAST test competitors obtained significantly higher values of the maximum power (p<0.001) and the average power (p<0.001), with relation to the Wingate test. Among women such dependences were not ascertained. The fundamentally lower (p<0.001) fatigue index in the RAST test characterized in turn both groups, which can testify about the better adaptation to the run effort. For both tests one ascertained significant dependence between the average power and the maximum power. Moreover, the significant dependence between the fatigue index (FI) and the average and maximum power in the Wingate test was shown. For the RAST test such dependence appeared among FI, and the maximum power. Conclusions. The RAST test gave statistically comparable results only in the case of the average and maximum power among women. The smaller physical load for competitors and decidedly easier organization of the research causes that the RAST test can be used for regular monitoring of the anaerobic capacity level of competitors of athletic run competitions.

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Klasyfikacja zawodników w lekkoatletycznych konkurencjach biegowych w świetle wyników uzyskanych na Igrzyskach Paraolimpijskich w latach 2000 – 2012 / Classification of athletes in athletics track events in terms of results obtained during Paralympics Games in years 2000 – 2012

63%

Bednarczuk G., Przepióra W., Rutkowska I., Skowroński W.

Advances in Rehabilitation

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2014

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vol. 28

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issue 4

51-58

EN

Introduction: Issues related to the classification in sport of people with disabilities is one of the major area of research in this field. Looking to objective criteria for assessing functional capabilities of the players, in order to allow them a fair competition, where impact on the achieved result is performance, and not the type and degree of disability. Material and methods: Analysis of the sports results obtained at the Paralympic Games (PG) in the years 2000-2012 was aimed to assess the classification system in Track & Field (TF). Material were sports results, based on official reports, obtained by athletes with locomotor disability (LD) in the track events during PG in the years 2000-2012. To determine the difference in results between starting classes the U Mann - Whitney test was used. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: The largest difference in the results obtained by the athletes (men) with similar functional capabilities was observed among competing on the wheelchair. No statistically significant differences between the results of the runners competing in the standing position was observed in T38 and T44 classes in 400m, throughout the entire period. A similar level of the results observed in women from T53 and T54 class practicing athletics sprint events. Conclusions: The specificity of the discipline that is the TF (a large number of events with various type of effort) can cause problems in the evaluation of the classification system, which doesn’t take into account the event in which athletes compete.

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2 Journal of Human Kinetics

1 Advances in Rehabilitation

1 Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

1 Physical Activity Review

1 Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

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1 Adamczyk J.

1 Alonso-Curiel D.

1 Balsalobre-Fernández C.

1 Bednarczuk G.

1 Campo-Vecino J. d.

1 Domaradzki J.

1 Dziadek B.

1 Fugiel J.

1 Ignasiak Z.

1 Iskra J.

1 Kaczmarczyk T.

1 Kochan K.

1 Malina R.

1 Przednowek K.

1 Przepióra W.

1 Rożek K.

1 Rutkowska I.

1 Skowroński W.

1 Stolecka-Warzecha A.

1 Sławinska T.