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Organic food consumption by athletes in Lithuania

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Background: With environmental pollution increasing, interest in organic farming and organic foodstuffs has been growing all over the world. Data on organic food consumption by Lithuanian athletes is not yet available. This lack of data determined the aim of this study: to identify the particulars of organic foodstuff consumption among athletes. Methods: In September–November 2012, we polled 158 of the best-performing athletes of the Olympic sports team through direct interviews. An approved questionnaire was used to identify the specifics of organic foodstuff consumption among athletes. Results: The survey results showed that 97% of athletes consume organic foodstuffs, and 80% of athletes highlighted the positive impact of organic food on health. Nevertheless, a slim majority of athletes (51.7%) consume organic foodstuffs seldomly, 2–3 times per week. The range of organic foodstuffs consumed depends on the gender of athletes, and the consumption of some products depends on monthly incomes. Conclusions: Survey results confirm the need for the production and expansion of the variety of organic foodstuffs. In the course of the development of the organic food market, it should be beneficial for manufacturers to target high-performance athletes and physically active people.
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Introduction: Research has shown that exercise increases levels of dopamine in cer tain sub - cortical brain regions. Increased dopamine activity in the brain has been linked to increased risk - taking. The purpose of this study was to determine if an increase in risk - taking is apparent in male athletes and non - athletes after strenuous exercise. Method: Ten athletes (age: 20.2±SD year) and ten non - athletes (age: 20.7±SD) in a university setting completed the BART (a validated protocol to asses risk - taking behavior) either after exercise or at r est. Result: Athletes obtained total 24.92 ± 10.99 pumps and Non - Athletes 42.76 ± 16.45 pumps . Discusion: AN C OVA’s showed that there was significant difference between athletes and non - athletes ( p< 0 .0 1) on the risk behavior test. Post hoc tests showed that for non - athletes there was also a significant difference for those that exercise immediately before the risk behavior test, p= 0 .003. This was not the case with athletes, p= 0 .683. Results indicate that while exercise increased risk - taking in the non - athlete subjects, it did not have an effect on the athlete population.
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Introduction : The study of athletes’ psychophysiological characteristics is one of the major problem at sports science. The aim of the study is to perform comparative analysis of athletes’ power and adaptive capacities during the implementation process of controlled activity, like performing screen -selection activity. Materials and methods: I n research participated divided into 3 groups martial arts athletes: taekwon -do ITF and karate WTF (n=34); Greco -Roman and freestyle wrestling athletes (n=18); sambo and judo athletes (n=11). As a device, a tablet of Apple company - iPad, fourth- generation, with 9,7 -inch screen was used. For the heart rate (HR) registration it was used BT4.0&ANT+ Heart Rate Mo nitor. Participants performed a sample: the response rate of the selection. The attempt was to react to one given signal from the five proposed. Results: Taekwon -do ITF athletes, karate WTF , hand -to - hand combat showed the best reaction selection time rates . The worst reaction selection time rates were shown by Greco- Roman and freestyle wrestling athletes. Conclusions: The handled comparative analysis reaction time of selection for athletes of different kinds of martial arts has verified its high informative value. Taekwon -do ITF, karate WTF , hand -to -hand combat athletes have better results. The results suggest that participants’ state of adaptiveness was normal. The high informative value of used test allows recommend it as screening in the selection of prom ising athletes to the combat martial arts which mostly emphasize striking techniques.
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It is generally believed that athletes experience pain in a different way than normally active individuals. Many scientists have confirmed the hypothesis that long-term physical activity can alter the perception of pain, i.e. athletes have a higher pain sensation and pain tolerance thresholds. The measurement of pain intensity is carried out using subjective methods based on verbal and non-verbal information, describing the clinical characteristics of pain. These psychological methods include the use of scales and questionnaires. Objective methods (thermal, mechanical and electrical) are used only to determine the pain sensation and pain tolerance thresholds. The specificity and prevalence of chronic pain syndromes have resulted in the increased number of studies on healthy and physically active individuals. It seems that determination of the effects of exercise on the perception of pain might help in the understanding of mechanisms of pain generation.
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Ventilatory threshold is one of the ways to measure cardiovasculatory fitness of the body. Therefore, in the present study it was decided to demonstrate which physiological parameters most accurately express the second ventilatory threshold (VAT2) depending on the cardiovasculatory fitness of different groups of athletes and untrained men. The study involved the following athletes: race walkers (n=14), weightlifters (n=16), powerlifters (n=16), runners (n=14), professional soccer players (n=13), amateur soccer players (n=16), martial arts (n=12), and untrained men (n=15). Subjects’ VAT2 and maximal load (ML) were recorded and at these levels were determined the value of achievable maximal power (P), oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), the ratio for oxygen uptake and heart rate (VO2/HR) and the rate-pressure produkt (RPP). It was shown that subjects were of similar age but different body mass (BM) and BMI. There were also differences between athlete groups at VAT2 and ML in relation to: P, VO2, VO2/HR (p<0.001) and RPP only at VAT2 (p<0.023). Reached HR values at VAT2 as well as at ML have not differed between the groups. There were also intergroup differences at VAT2 in terms of relative values: %VO2max (p<0.002), %Pmax(p<0.016), %VO2max/%HRmax (p<0.03). Relatively expressed %HRmax and %RPPmax reached at VAT2 did not differ between the two groups. Runners, professional soccer players and race walkers achieved the most favorable indicators of physical performance. It has been demonstrated that VAT2 besides P i %Pmax was best described by VO2, %VO2max and by VO2/HR and %VO2max/%HRmax, as well as by RPP. On the other hand HR and %HRmax, as well as %RPPmax are not useful in this regard. Furthermore it should be recognized that athletes in whose structure of the training occurred running of varying intensity achieved the highest physical fitness.
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In team games, due to the great number of stimuli, perceptive skills have a cardinal significance, especially in players' anticipation and decisionmaking processes. The aim of this study was to compare peripheral perception of handball players (n=16) and nonathletes (n=16) of the same age. A comparative analysis involves abilities connected with general visual functions - such as the field of vision (hardware system) and reaction time to visual stimuli (software system). Peripheral perception was examined using the peripheral perception test included in the Vienna Test System (Schuhfried, Austria). The results show that the examined groups did not differ in regards to visual functions connected with the peripheral field of vision and the correctness of stimuli recognition. Handball players had a significantly shorter response time to stimuli appearing in the peripheral field of vision compared to nonathletes.
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Strength training combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) have been used to improve the levels of muscle adaptation. The aim of this paper was to investigate the acute effect of high intensity squats with and without blood flow restriction on muscular fatigue levels. Twelve athletes (aged 25.95 ± 0.84 years) were randomized into two groups: without Blood Flow Restriction (NFR, n = 6) and With Blood Flow Restriction (WFR, n = 6) that performed a series of free weight squats with 80% 1-RM until concentric failure. The strength of the quadriceps extensors was assessed in a maximum voluntary isometric contraction integrated to signals from the surface electromyogram. The average frequency showed significant reductions in the WFR group for the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles, and intergroup only for the vastus medialis. In conclusion, a set of squats at high intensity with BFR could compromise muscle strength immediately after exercise, however, differences were not significant between groups.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if the HRindex Method (VO2max = [6 x HRindex - 5] x 3.5, where HRindex = HRmax/HRrest) was accurate for tracking changes in VO2max following 8-weeks of endurance training among collegiate female soccer players. Predicted VO2max via the HRindex Method and observed VO2max from a maximal exercise test on a treadmill were determined for a group of female soccer athletes (n = 15) before and following an 8-week endurance training protocol. The predicted (pVO2max) and observed (aVO2max) values were compared at baseline and within 1-week post-training. Change values (i.e., the difference between pre to post) for each variable were also determined and compared. There was a significant difference between aVO2max before (43.2 ± 2.8 ml.kg.min-1) and following (46.2 ± 2.1 ml.kg.min-1) the 8-week training program (p < 0.05). However, pVO2max did not significantly change following training (pre = 43.4 ± 4.6 ml.kg.min-1, post = 42.9 ± 4.1 ml.kg.min-1, p = 0.53). Furthermore, the correlation between the change in aVO2max and the change in pVO2max was trivial and non-significant (r = 0.30, p = 0.28). The HRindex Method does not appear to be suitable for predicting changes in VO2max following 8-weeks of endurance training in female collegiate soccer players
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The main aim of the research was to examine the relationship between motivational orientations and parents’ behavior with regard to the players’ motivational orientation, motivational climate, enjoyment and amotivation. The sample comprised 723 athletes (M = 12.37, SD = 1.48) and 723 parents (M = 46.46, SD = 2.56). Players were male and female who belonged to federative basketball, handball, football and volleyball teams. Parents and athletes completed questionnaires that assessed motivational orientations, parents’ involvement in the practice as well as enjoyment and motivation in the sport. Results showed a positive relationship between parents’ support of the sport and players’ enjoyment and a negative relationship with players’ amotivation. Moreover, in players who perceived more pressure from their parents, there was a positive association with amotivation and a negative one with enjoyment. Lastly, it was emphasized that appropriate parental participation can promote an increase of players’ enjoyment of and motivation for sport
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In the present study, we evaluated the plasma concentration of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and their relation with oxidative damage markers in training cycles of basketball players.Sixteen professional players of the Polish Basketball Extraleague participated in the study. The basketball players were observed during the preparatory period and the play-off round. Twenty healthy and untrained males composed of the reference group.The comparative study has shown significantly higher levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein carbonylation (PC) in nonathletes than in basketball players during the observed training periods. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), similarly to TBARS and PC, was significantly higher in nonathletes than athletes, except at the end of the play-off round. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was lower in nonathletes than athletes in the preparatory period but it was higher in athletes in play-off round. In basketball players, the high level of IL-6 directly correlated with TBARS (r = 0.763, p<0.001) and PC (r = 0.636, p<0.001) during the preparatory period, whereas the high level of TNF α inversely correlated with TBARS (r = −0.601, p<0.001) and PC (r = −0.650, p<0.001) in the play-off round. The activity of creatine kinase (CK) was significantly increased during the training mezocycles in basketball players compared with nonathletes, and reached the highest activity at the end of the play-off round. CK activity did not correlate with oxidative damage markers and cytokines in both untrained and trained subjects.Our results have shown the reduction in oxidative damage and improvement in cytokine response following professional training, as well as the relationship between inflammatory and pro-oxidative processes in basketball players.
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The purpose of the study was to analyze the psychophysiological characteristics of football players and water sports athletes as factors of professional selection. Materials and methods: The study involved students of a specialized sports school (n = 31, age: 16-17 years). The participants were divided into two groups: group 1 - 20 football players, group 2 - 11 water sports athletes (swimming). The level of sportsmanship is 1 category, Candidates and Masters of Sports. Tests applied: determination of the duration of an individual minute (IM), measuring of a 10 cm segment (SM), determination of simple hand-eye coordination (SHEyC), and simple hand-ear coordination (SHEaC), the technique of “Figures memorizing”, solution of 10 sums. Results: The results of the IM test reflect the prevalence of the earlier test completion. All participants indicated a lower value in 9th test of a segment measuring. The results of the SHEyC and SHEaC of the participants were similar. The results of all tests were less than 10 in the test of “Figures memorizing”. Football players revealed link between coordination and psychophysiological tests results, while swimmers revealed link between coordination and sensory type of tests. Conclusions: The carried out psychophysiological analysis of athletes' condition of team sports and water sports confirmed the possibility of applying these tests for selection. The results obtained reflect the specific influence of the sport on the athletes' bodies. These indicators demonstrate the increased requirements for spatial orientation, the importance of reaction to auditory stimuli and the increased ability of football players to control the surrounding space and control the game situation.
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The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition scale (TOPS-CS; Thomas et al., 1999) in Greek athletic population. The TOPS-CS was designed to assess eight psychological strategies used by athletes in competition (activation, automaticity, emotional control, goal-setting, imagery, negative thinking, relaxation and self-talk). In order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the inventory, two different research studies were conducted in two different age groups (n1=382 athletes, aged 16 to 20 years and n2=343 athletes, aged 12 to 15 years). Furthermore, 263 athletes, (aged 16 to 20 years) completed the TOPS-CS, purposing to perform confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the first study supported the initial factorial structure of the TOPS-CS for athletes aged 16-20 years. Reliability analysis also provided adequate evidence for the internal consistency and stability of the scale for Greek athletes of this age. However, for athletes aged 12 to 15 years, the validity and reliability of the inventory were questionable and further research is required.
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Movement is an essential characteristic that has developed over the course of human evolution. With the inclusion of various populations in sports activities, sports have become an important part of people’s daily lives. Knee injuries are common among athletes, with knee joint being the most vulnerable to various injuries. Knee injuries require appropriate treatment to allow the athlete to return to their sports activities. Additionally, this study aimed to increase awareness of the importance of preventing knee injuries in sports and to highlight the potential impact of such injuries on an athlete’s ability to participate in their sport.A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the functional outcomes of athletes with knee injuries. The study included 38 patients with knee injuries (ACL, meniscal injuries, collateral ligament injuries) out of which 21 were physically active athletes, 9 were not, but they were athletes who were not involved in sports at the time of the testing and 8 were recreational athletes. The majority of respondents (76%) reported that they sustained the injury during sports activities. Knee pain was reported as at least once a week by most respondents. The study highlights the importance of proper knee injury prevention measures during sports activities and the need for prompt and effective rehabilitation for those who do suffer injuries. Overall, these findings have important implications for the treatment and management of knee injuries among athletes and individuals seeking to maintain an active lifestyle.
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he dynamics of stabilometric indicators of players and non-athletes is considered. It is shown that in the Romberg sample with eyes open and closed disparities in maintaining the balance between players and non-athletes are practically not detected. The most significant shifts of the stabilometric performance we observed in the vestibular stimulation in the Romberg sample with eyes open, which is significantly less than that of the players.
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The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of selenium (Se) on the course of oxidative stress in trained athletes, on the basis of own former published studies and the reference of literature. In a number of references it was shown that the application of Se led to the diminishing of oxidative stress during the physical exercises in athletes. The application of Se to athletes − led to the increase of peroxidase glutathione the main selen − dependent enzyme. The fact of increased concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood serum, the main metabolite of lipid peroxidation can indirectly evidence about the intensity of physical endurance. This increase is significantly smaller in individuals taking exogenous antioxidative diet supplement containing Se. Moreover there is the evidence that oxidative muscles damage during physical effort could be diminished by compounds with antioxidative properties. Taking into consideration, the obtained results by many of authors empower to the conclusion that application of Se diminishes the degree of peroxidation of lipids in trained athletes.
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Virtual Reality is cogitated as one of the most favorable and challenging technologies applied in health sciences. Its use has been integrated in vestibular rehabilitation for the management of balance conditions, founded on mechanisms related to neuronal plasticity of the central nervous system. Dizziness is one of the most common symptoms after a concussion in sports and can be an issue related to a long return to play. Virtual reality may be a beneficial method for rehabilitation for athletes with dizziness after concussion. However, no studies have critically reviewed the scientific evidence in this regard. The objective was to conduct a systematic review on the effectiveness of virtual reality as a rehabilitation strategy for athletes after a concussion. A systematic review of the electronic databases Cochrane Collection, Consumer Health Complete, Oxford Journals, PubMed, Science Direct, and SPORTDiscus was conducted to identify studies related to the effect of virtual reality after a concussion in athletes. The search timeframe ranged from January 1990 to December 2019. The search resulted in the identification of 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 7 non-RCT studies. None of the studies were specific associated with athletes with dizziness after a concussion. Specific studies are necessary to establish the application that may respond optimally to the treatment of concussions associated with balance problems.
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Purpose. The aim of this study was to search for single nucleotide changes in the P1 promoter sequence of the IGF1 gene in both high-class athletes and subjects who do not participate in professional sports. The second rationale was to compare the polymorphism frequency in the promoter region in athletes across a variety of sport disciplines. Methods. 272 athletes from the regional sports team of Wielkopolska (Poland) took part in the study. 154 athletes practiced team sports whereas 118 trained in strength sports. The control group comprised of 122 individuals who did not practice sport professionally. Genetic material came from epithelium swabs from the oral cavity, which was then subject to DNA isolation and tested with the PCR/SSCP technique. DNA samples showing different migration in electrophoresis were then sequenced. Results. The frequency of the polymorphisms was substantially higher (p < 0.05) in the athlete group (9.2%) than in the control group (2.4%). A considerably higher frequency of the sequence changes (p < 0.05%) was observed in those athletes who participated in strength sports (11.0%) than in team sports (7.8%). Among all the individuals tested, the -147bp -475bp region was the most polymorphic, yet changes within this fragment were not detected in the control group. In the control group the most often change in the nucleotide sequence was observed at position -1089 (T/C), while in the athlete group at position -383 (C/T). Change at position -1089 (T/C), found in eight individuals, is related to a potential binding site of the AP-1 transcription factor. Change at position -361 (G/A), detected in two individuals, is probably the site for the Sp1 transcription factor. Conclusion. The conducted study found that single nucleotide polymorphism of the P1 promoter region of the IGF1 gene is more frequent in athletes than in non-athletes. We believe that the variation in the P1 promoter sequence of this gene is related to an organism's adaptation to physical (especially strength) activity.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycerol supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in sedentary subjects and athletes. The glycerol supplement treatments were as follows: 40 volunteers were selected and divided into two groups, sedentary and exercise groups. These two groups were further subdivided into two groups. The first group, the placebo (S), only consumed water; the second group (GS) consumed glycerol followed by water. Neither of these groups did any exercise for 20 days. The third and fourth groups consisted of the exercise group subjects; they were required to perform a 20-m shuttle run test every day for 20 days. The third group’s subjects, the placebo (E), only consumed water. The last group (GE) consumed glycerol followed by water. The Astrand Cycle Ergometer Test (ACET) was performed, and the Cosmed K4b2 portable gas analysis system was used to determine the aerobic capacity, while the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAPT) was performed to determine the level of anaerobic power. The 20 Meter Shuttle Run Test (20MSRT) was performed after glycerol supplementation throughout the 20 days, and the exercise periods and distances were recorded. The glycerol supplement was found to have an increasing effect on aerobic and anaerobic performance in GS, E and GE. A similar effect was found for the covered distances and time in the same groups. However, an adverse effect was found on body weight.
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