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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 1
77-83
EN
Although the physiological cost of refereeing has been already studied in the literature, especially in soccer umpires, it remains unknown whether referees spontaneously adapt their energy intake during game days. Six national soccer referees completed 24-hour dietary recalls (assisted by the SU.VI.MAX copybook) during a control day (CON) and a day with a game (GAME). The stress level and hunger feelings were assessed using visual analogue scales. Total energy intake, energy derived from macronutrients and energy intake at each meal were analyzed using the Bilnuts nutrition software. Total daily energy intake was not significantly different between conditions (CON: 2270 ± 535 vs. GAME: 2782 ± 293). Energy derived from fat and protein was not different between conditions but the participants ingested more calories derived from carbohydrates during the GAME day (45.5 ± 5.9% vs. 54.9 ± 5.5%, respectively, p<0.05). The calories ingested during snacking were significantly increased during GAME compared with CON (p<0.05). The stress level was significantly higher during GAME and especially before the breakfast, lunch and snack (p<0.05). Hunger feeling was not different between conditions. Referring leads to nutritional adaptations in elite soccer umpires, who tend to increase their energy intake mainly during snacking, by increasing their carbohydrate consumption.
EN
Obesity is a foremost but preventable cause of deaths globally. It is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, particularly heart failure, and diabetes. Natural products such as some foods, fruits, medicinal plants have been known to be functional in the management of Obesity. This article is aimed at reviewing the weight loss and anti-obesity potentials of Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Avocado (Persea americana) and Green Tea (Epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG). Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI and Elsevier databases were searched from 2004 to 2020 using specific keywords. Searching was restricted to English language. Seventeen articles (Eleven human studies and six animal studies) were included in this review. Majority of the research papers that were considered in this review supported the weight loss and anti-obesity potentials of these natural products in obese human and animal subjects by lowering most of the clinical markers of obesity. Some of the anti-obesity mechanisms proposed by the authors include suppression of lipogenesis, inhibition of ghrelin secretion, e.t.c. This article also established the need for future trials.
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