Circumcision is one of the most commonly performed operations. It is common to use of antibiotics to prevent complications after circumcision. However, as awareness of antibiotic resistance increases, it is necessary to consider using other prophylactic drugs. This review aims to evaluate non-antibiotic drugs for wound healing after circumcision. We conducted a literature search in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines using Google Scholar and PubMed search engines to find treatment intervention studies comparing circumcision wound healing outcomes and adverse effects after non-antibiotic topical drugs and antibiotics. A total of 2 studies with 636 participants matched our inclusion criteria. 2-octyl cyanoacrylate and nanosilver gel (AgNPs) were used for post-circumcision wound treatment. The group with topical non-antibiotic drugs had a lower healing rate. There was no significant difference between wound healing and significant adverse effects between drug comparisons. Antibiotic resistance tests between intervention and control groups were not included in these studies. Data comparing non-antibiotic drugs and antibiotics for post-circumcision wound healing are still limited. Further studies conducted in various settings are needed to assess the efficacy of non-antibiotic topical agents for post-circumcision wound healing and reducing antibiotic resistance.
Non-bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain a critically understudied domain within urology and infectious disease, overshadowed by the well-characterized bacterial paradigm despite their significant clinical impact. This review provides an exhaustive analysis of non-bacterial UTIs, encompassing viral (e.g., adenovirus, BK virus), fungal (e.g., Candida spp.), parasitic (e.g., Schistosoma haematobium), and non-infectious etiologies (e.g., interstitial cystitis, chemical irritants, autoimmune conditions). These conditions often evade conventional diagnostics, leading to misdiagnosis, inappropriate antibiotic use, and chronic patient suffering. We explore the pivotal roles of the urinary microbiome and immune dysregulation, integrating cutting-edge research on dysbiosis, neuroimmune interactions, and environmental triggers. Diagnostic challenges are dissected alongside innovative solutions, including metagenomics, AI-driven tools, and novel biomarkers. Therapeutically, we propose a multifaceted approach – pathogen-specific treatments, immunomodulation, microbiome restoration, and patient-centered strategies supported by emerging modalities like nanoparticle drug delivery and dietary interventions. Enhanced clinician awareness and standardized protocols are advocated to combat antimicrobial resistance and improve outcomes. This expansive review, enriched with multidisciplinary insights and forward-thinking proposals, seeks to galvanize global research efforts to address the complexities of non-bacterial UTIs comprehensively.
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