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Comparison of Achilles Tendon Loading Between Male and Female Recreational Runners

100%
Andrew G., Jonathan S.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 44
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issue 1
155-159
EN
Recreational running is an activity with multiple reported health benefits for both sexes, however, chronic injuries caused by excessive and/or repetitive loading of the Achilles tendon are common. Males have been identified as being at an increased risk of suffering an injury to the Achilles tendon and as such, knowledge of differences in loading between the sexes may provide further information to better understand why this is the case. The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether gender differences in the Achilles tendon load exist in recreational runners. Fifteen male (age 26.74 ± 5.52 years, body height 1.80 ± 0.11 m and body mass 74.22 ± 7.27 kg) and fifteen female (age 25.13 ± 6.39 years, body height 1.68 ± 0.12 m and body mass 67.12 ± 9.11 kg) recreational runners volunteered to take part in the current investigation. Participants completed 10 trials running at 4.0 m·s-1 ±5% striking a force platform (1000 Hz) with their right foot. Ankle joint kinematics were synchronously recorded (250 Hz) using an optoelectric motion capture system. Ankle joint kinetics were computed using Newton-Euler inverse-dynamics. Net external ankle joint moments were then calculated. To estimate Achilles tendon kinetics the plantarflexion moment calculated was divided by an estimated Achilles tendon moment arm of 0.05 m. Differences in Achilles tendon kinetics were examined using independent sample t-tests (p<0.05). The results indicate that males were associated with significantly (p<0.05) greater Achilles tendon loads than females. The findings from this study support the notion that male recreational runners may be at greater risk of Achilles tendon pathology.
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The Effects of Wetted Ice on Dynamic Stability over a Rewarming Period

88%
Alexander J., Mawene Y., Alexanders J., Jeffery J., Rhodes D.
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vol. 41
13-23
EN
BACKGROUND During half time or breaks in play cryotherapy is often applied for analgesia for minor musculoskeletal sport injury, however the effect of cryotherapy on dynamic stability is debated. A risk factor for further lower limb injury may be heightened due to a reduction in dynamic postural stability. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of wetted-ice applied for 20-minutes at the ankle on dynamic stability using the star excursion balance test, immediately-post exposure and over a rewarming period of 30-minutes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two healthy male athletes that regular took part in land-based sport were assessed on reach directions of Anterior (Ant), Posteromedial (PM), and Posterolateral (PL) using the modified star excursion balance test (mSEBT) on the non-dominant limb. Thermal imaging quantified skin surface temperature (Tsk) over lateral and medial regions. Participants were tested pre-intervention, exposed to 15-minutes wetted-ice cryotherapy application, immediately-post and up to 30-minutes post intervention at 10-minute intervals. RESULTS Significant decreases in Tsk over the medial and lateral regions of the ankle (p < 0.05) not returning to pre-cooling temperatures at 30-minutes post. Significant decrease in reach -distance scores (ANT, PL and PM) pre-immediately post and at 10, 20 and 30-minutes post cryotherapy exposure. CONCLUSION Following wetted ice application to the non-dominant ankle, dynamic postural stability was adversely affected for up to 30-minutes post exposure demonstrated through a decrease in reach scores for ANT, PL and PM directions. Functional performance which requires stabilising mechanisms may be negatively affected and contribute to a heightened risk of injury or further injury in consideration of the findings.
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Current reports on foot and ankle injuries of American football players

63%
Wodka-Natkaniec E., Niedźwiedzki Ł., Pawłowska J., Zyznawska J., Świtoń A.
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PL
Wstęp. Celem badania było zebranie aktualnych kierunków badań w futbolu amerykańskim dotyczących stawów skokowych i stopy. Celem szczegółowym było określenie w jaki sposób futbol amerykańskiego wpływa na stawy skokowe i stopę, tj. częstość, przyczyny i rodzaje urazów oraz powiązań z obuwiem na niewydolność tych struktur. Materiał i metody. Do tego badania włączono 26 publikacji, głównie z bazy PubMed i powiązanych, spełniających kryteria wyszukiwania. Wyniki. W wyniku przeglądu publikacji wykazano częstość występowania urazów stawów skokowych i stopy na tle kończyn dolnych oraz ich rodzaje i warunki predysponujące do urazów. Analizowane prace skupiają się przede wszystkim na bazach nadzoru/ przeciwdziałaniu urazu oraz badaniach wpływu obuwia na stopę i staw skokowy. Pojawiają się prace wykazujące związek urazów stawów skokowych i stopy z równowagą. Dodatkowo niektóre prace dotyczą przebytych operacji, czasu wyłączenia z gry, stosowania usztywnień w celu zabezpieczenia zawodników przed przeciążeniami i uszkodzeniami wymienionych struktur. Wnioski. Badania zwracają uwagę na problem urazowości stóp i stawów skokowych oraz wykazują, iż nadal powinny być ulepszane programy profilaktyczne, treningowe i fizjoterapeutyczne w związku z dużą ich urazowością. Istnieje potrzeba większej ilości badań klinicznych, aby znaleźć szczegółowe przyczyny urazów i skutecznie im zapobiegać.
EN
Background. The purpose of this study was to collect current research lines in American football regarding the ankles and the foot. The specific goal was to determine how American football affects the ankle joints and the foot, i.e. the frequency, causes and types of injuries as well as various links between the footwear and failure of these structures. Material and methods. The study included 26 publications, drawn mainly from PubMed and related databases, meeting the search criteria. Results. As a result of the review of the publications, the frequency and types of ankle and foot injuries with regard to lower limbs were discussed along with the conditions predisposing for such injuries. Current works focus primarily on injury surveillance databases and on the research on the impact of footwear on the foot and ankle joint. There are works showing the relationship between ankle and foot injuries on the one hand, and the balance on the other. Additionally, some of the articles deal with the past treatments, the time of exclusion from the game and the use of stiffeners to protect the players against overloads and damage to the above-mentioned structures. Conclusions. Our research draws attention to the problem of foot and ankle injuries and shows that preventive, training and physiotherapeutic programs should still be improved due to their high level of trauma. More clinical study is needed to find the specific causes of injuries and prevent them effectively.
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