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COMPARATVE URIC ACID LOWERING STUDIES OF ALLOPURINOL WITH AN INDIGENOUS MEDICINAL PLANT IN RABBITS

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MOHAMMAD I. S., LATIF S., YAR M., NASAR F., AHMAD I., NAEEM M.
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
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2014
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vol. 71
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issue 5
855-859
EN
The aim of this research was to carry out a comparative study of lowering of uric acid by the use of dried powder of Colchicum luteum and allopathic drug (allopurinol) in rabbits, to determine whether herbal drugs can be used by patients instead of allopathic drugs. The herbal medicine, dried corm powder of Colchicum luteum 2.5 mg/kg/day and dried powder of allopurinol 2 mg/kg/day an allopathic medicine, was used in the study. The results of these medicines were observed in animal model, using 12 adult rabbits, which were divided into three groups A, B and C, respectively, where group C was taken as control. The SPSS version 17 was used for statistical analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparing the data in different groups and the level of significance was 5%. It was resulted that dried corm of Colchicum luteum significantly reduced the uric acid in adult rabbits as reduced by allopathic medicine ñ allopurinol. In the light of present research we concluded that the herbal medicines can be used in lieu of allopathic drugs. Thus, the risk of side effects that are associated with the prolonged use of allopathic drugs can be minimized.
2
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Enzymatic oxidation of phthalazine with guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and liver slices: inhibition by isovanillin

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Panoutsopoulos G. I., Beedham C.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2004
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vol. 51
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issue 4
943-951
EN
The enzymes aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of N-heterocycles and aldehydes. These enzymes are widely known for their role in the metabolism of N-heterocyclic xenobiotics where they provide a protective barrier by aiding in the detoxification of ingested nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Isovanillin has been shown to inhibit the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes by aldehyde oxidase, but its inhibition towards the heterocyclic compounds has not been studied. The present investigation examines the oxidation of phthalazine in the absence and in the presence of the inhibitor isovanillin by partially purified aldehyde oxidase from guinea pig liver. In addition, the interaction of phthalazine with freshly prepared guinea pig liver slices, both in the absence and presence of specific inhibitors of several liver oxidizing enzymes, was investigated. Aldehyde oxidase rapidly converted phthalazine into 1-phthalazinone, which was completely inhibited in the presence of isovanillin (a specific inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase). In freshly prepared liver slices, phthalazine was also rapidly converted to 1-phthalazinone. The formation of 1-phthalazinone was completely inhibited by isovanillin, whereas disulfiram (a specific inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase) only inhibited 1-phthalazinone formation by 24% and allopurinol (a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase) had little effect. Therefore, isovanillin has been proved as an inhibitor of the metabolism of heterocyclic substrates, such as phthalazine, by guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase, since it had not been tested before. Thus it would appear from the inhibitor results that aldehyde oxidase is the predominant enzyme in the oxidation of phthalazine to 1-phthalazinone in freshly prepared guinea pig liver slices, whereas xanthine oxidase only contributes to a small extent and aldehyde dehydrogenase does not take any part.
3
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Bipolar affective disorder: A review of novel forms of therapy

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Dziwota E., Drapala B., Gaj M., Skoczen N., Olajossy M.
Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
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2015
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vol. 28
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issue 2
105-110
EN
Normothymic, antidepressant and antipsychotic pharmaceutics are, in accordance with international guidelines, employed both in the therapy and the prevention of bipolar disorder (BD). Long-term studies on the mechanisms of action of such medications, as well as on the pathogenetic background of BD, have led to the discovery of effective, albeit unconventional pharmacotherapeutic approaches. These methods have the potential to successfully treat mania and depression, as well as to counter affective episode relapse. Allopurinol - commonly used to treat gout, secondary hyperuricemia and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, acts by inhibiting the synthesis of uric acid, levels of which are often increased in manic patients. Due to this, an evaluation of the potential effect of allopurinol on the reduction of mania symptoms seems to be reasonable. Additionally, the numerable research papers coming out of research regarding the role of purine neurotransmitters in mood alterations, indicate that adenosine agonists act analogously to dopamine antagonists. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a supporting agent in the pharmacotherapy of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder, substantially accelerates mood stabilization in patients. In turn, memantine, known for its procognitive effect, not only has antimanic and normothymic properties, but also boosts the neuroprotective action of traditional lithium therapy. In view of the latest opinions, the subtle pro-inflammatory process is typical for the pathophysiology of bipolar disease. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (a popular analgesic, antipyretic and antiphlogistic agent) may be useful in BD therapy. This is because that, via its effect upon cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), ASA modulates leukocyte recruitment in neuro-inflammation. Apart from the above-mentioned medications, this article introduces the results of recent investigations of ketamine, modafinil and tamoxifen, including their receptor mechanisms, as well as certain genetic aspects or elements of their pharmacodynamics, for use in BD therapy. We put forward that, possibly, more insightful cognition of these drugs will allow significant enrichment in the range of pharmacotherapy for BD in the near future.
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