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1

The Kinetic Specificity of Plyometric Training: Verbal Cues Revisited

100%

Louder T., Bressel M., Bressel E.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2015

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vol. 49

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issue 1

201-208

EN

Plyometric training is a popular method utilized by strength and conditioning professionals to improve aspects of functional strength. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of extrinsic verbal cueing on the specificity of jumping movements. Thirteen participants (age: 23.4 ± 1.9 yr, body height: 170.3 ± 15.1 cm, body mass: 70.3 ± 23.8 kg,) performed four types of jumps: a depth jump “as quickly as possible” (DJT), a depth jump “as high as possible” (DJH), a countermovement jump (CMJ), and a squat jump (SJ). Dependent measures, which included measurement of strength and power, were acquired using a force platform. From the results, differences in body-weight normalized peak force (BW) (DJH: 4.3, DJT: 5.6, CMJ: 2.5, SJ: 2.2), time in upward propulsion (s) (DJH: 0.34, DJT: 0.20, CMJ: 0.40, SJ: 0.51), and mean acceleration (m·s-2) (DJH: 26.7, DJT: 36.2, CMJ: 19.8, SJ: 17.3) were observed across all comparisons (p = 0.001 - 0.033). Differences in the body-weight normalized propulsive impulse (BW·s) (DJH: 0.55, DJT: 0.52, CMJ: 0.39, SJ: 0.39) and propulsive power (kW) (DJH: 13.7, DJT: 16.5, CMJ: 11.5, SJ: 12.1) were observed across all comparisons (p = 0.001 - 0.050) except between the CMJ and SJ (p = 0.128 - 0.929). The results highlight key kinetic differences influencing the specificity of plyometric movements and suggest that verbal cues may be used to emphasize the development of reactive strength (e.g. DJT) or high-velocity concentric power (e.g. DJH).

2

Forms of Activities with a Dog as Modern Types of Physical Recreation

100%

Niewiadomska M.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2018

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vol. 23

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issue 3

53-58

EN

The rapid civilisational development that took place in the second half of the 20th century, and the resulting changes in the conditions and ways of people’s lives brought forth a number of social phenomena, both positive and negative. Physical activities, i.e. any forms of physical effort undertaken voluntarily in leisure time for entertainment and health purposes, contribute greatly to overcoming the dangers of modern civilization. Among these, activities with the participation of a dog are becoming increasingly popular. These activities are exercised by people of all ages in the form of dog sports, as well as for recreational and therapeutic purposes. The aim of the paper is to present various forms of activities with a dog as modern types of physical recreation exercised by people of all ages. Regular exercise with a dog greatly improves the well-being and provides a feeling of harmony and inner peace. It is becoming yet another modern form of activity.

3

Assessment of Change of Direction and Agility. Running and Dribbling among Soccer, Basketball and Handball Players: The Concept of “Agility deficit”

88%

Bekris E., Gioldasis A., Zacharakis E., Noutsos K., Meletakos P., Smirniotou A.

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vol. 44

63-77

EN

The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of change of direction (COD) and agility among players engaged in soccer, basketball, and handball. Additionally, the researchers introduced the novel concept of “Agility deficit”, aimed at evaluating distinctions between COD and agility during running (COD-R; Agility-R) and dribbling (COD-D; Agility-D). The participant cohort comprises 38 individuals with an average age of 20.63 years, distributed across 13 handball players, 12 soccer players, and 13 basketball players. Statistical analyses, specifically ANOVA accompanied by Tukey’s post hoc comparisons, have been employed to discern significant differences among subgroups. While no noteworthy disparities among groups were observed in both COD-D and Agility-D when participants manipulated the balls using their hands, a marked superiority in performance emerged for soccer players when the balls were manipulated with their legs. Soccer players exhibited expedited responses compared to their basketball and handball counterparts when confronted with a visual stimulus during the Agility-R test (reduced Agility-R deficit). Furthermore, the Agility-D deficit underscored the heightened visual challenge to react in visual stimuli during dribbling in soccer. Independent of the type of ball handling, soccer players consistently demonstrated a diminished Agility-D deficit, affirming their superior visual ability. The performance in Agility-D further revealed that visual ability plays a pivotal role in influencing dribbling ability. The study posits that, for a comprehensive assessment of a player’s visual ability during running or dribbling, interpretations of both Agility-R deficit and Agility-D deficit are imperative. Consequently, the proposed indexes of Agility-R deficit and Agility-D deficit present valuable tools for evaluating players’ COD and Agility abilities during running or dibbling. However, the efficacy of these assessments in real-game situations remains undetermined, requiring further investigation.

4

Acute effects of weighted plyometric exercise on sprint, agility and jump performance in university football players

88%

MH H., Khan M. H., Tanwar T., Irshad N., Nuhmani S.

Physical Activity Review

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2021

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vol. 1

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issue 9

1-8

EN

Background: Conditioning activities such as resistance training can cause excitation of central nervous system resulting in Post-activation Potentiation phenomenon. Plyometric exercise also has an important role to develop Post-activation Potentiation following a resistance stimulus. So the purpose the study was to investigate the immediate effects of weighted plyometric exercise on sprint, agility and jump performance. Materials and methods: Twenty male university football players (age=21.3±1.5 years, body mass=63.3±9.5 kg, height=169.8±6.4 m) participated in this Single group pre-test post-test study. Agility Time (AT), Sprint Time (ST) and Counter-Movement Jump (CMJ) height were measured prior to and 1st and 5th minutes following plyometric exercise. Results: A repeated measures ANOVA employed at baseline (T0), 1 minute (T1), and 5 minutes (T5) post intervention showed significant effect for all the three outcome measures (p<0.001). Post-hoc Bonferroni pairwise comparison showed a significant decrease in both AT and ST from baseline to assessments at both T1 (p<0.001) and T5 (p<0.001), whereas there was a significant increase in the CMJ height. However, no statistical difference was found between T1 and T5 (p=0.058) in ST, but AT was significantly lower at T5 than at T1 (p=0.008), and CMJ height showed significant increase from T1 to T5 (p=0.001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that weighted plyometric exercises have an acute response on sprint, agility and counter movement jump (CMJ Height) following Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) effect developed after plyometric exercises.

5

Profile, Correlation and Structure of Speed in Youth Elite Soccer Players

88%

Tomáš M., František Z., Lucia M., Jaroslav T.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2014

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vol. 40

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issue 1

149-159

EN

Speed, power and agility are important components of fitness and determine the level of success and performance in soccer. The aim of this study was to identify speed variables and to determine their mutual correlation and structure in youth elite soccer players. The research group consisted of players from the Czech U16 national team (n = 22, age = 15.6 ± 0.4 years). Speed variables were assessed using the following tests: a) linear speed: 5 m sprint (S5), 10 m sprint (S10) and 20 m flying sprint (F20); b) the agility: agility test 505 with turning on the dominant (A505D) and nondominant legs (A505N) and the K-test (K) and c) ball velocity after an instep kick with the dominant (IKD) and nondominant (IKN) legs. Significant dependence was found for S5 compared with S10, F20 vs. A505N, K vs. A505N (p < 0.01) and S10 vs. F20 (p < 0.05). The factor analysis revealed three components of the latent variable - speed. The first component consisted of linear sprint (S10, S20) and also partially consisted of maximum speed (F20). The second component was primarily composed of agility (A505D, A505N, K) and also included maximum speed (F20). The third independent component represented ball velocity after an instep kick (IKD, IKN). The speed variables in youth elite players exhibited significant heterogeneity from the perspective of performance, as determined by the monitored tests. The structure of the speed predisposition indicated that there were three components of speed. The results of our studies support the notion that each component of speed must be considered independently when designing training programmes.

6

Effect of Resistance Tube Exercises on Kicking Accuracy, Vertical Jump and 40-Yard Technical Test in Competitive Football Players – An Experimental Study

88%

Tirumala A., Motimath B.

Human Movement

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2014

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vol. 15

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issue 3

152-159

EN

Purpose. Kicking, jumping and agility are important skills in football. These activities require adequate lower limb strength, which can be enhanced with resistance training. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of resistance tube exercises on kicking accuracy, vertical jump performance and 40-yard technical test results in competitive football players. Methods. The study involved 23 competitive football players (11 males, 12 females) aged from 18-20 years recruited from three different universities in Belgaum, Karnataka, India. Back heel kick accuracy, vertical jump height and 40-yard technical test time were evaluated before and after a 2-week resistance tube exercise program. Results. Significant improvements in post-intervention kicking accuracy were found when males and females were treated as a single group (p = 0.01). Vertical jump height also showed a highly significant post-intervention improvement in the males and for the combined group of males and females (p = 0.001). The 40-yard technical test values significantly improved in the females and in the combined results for males and females (p = 0.001). Conclusions. The two-week resistance tube exercise program was found to have an effect on kicking accuracy, vertical jump height and 40-yard technical test performance in competitive football players. Resistance tube exercises can thus be included as a component of a regular strength training program for such athletes.

7

The Relationship Between Muscle Strength, Anaerobic Performance, Agility, Sprint Ability and Vertical Jump Performance in Professional Basketball Players

88%

Alemdaroğlu U.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2012

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vol. 31

149-158

EN

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between isokinetic knee strength, anaerobic performance, sprinting ability, agility and vertical jump performance in first division basketball players. Twelve male first division basketball players participated in this study. The mean age was 25.1 ± 1.7 yrs; mean body height 194.8 ± 5.7 cm; mean body mass 92.3± 9.8 kg; mean PBF 10.1± 5.1; and mean VO2max 50.55 ± 6.7 ml/kg/min. Quadriceps and hamstrings were measured at 60° and 180°/s, anaerobic performance was evaluated using the Wingate anaerobic power test, sprint ability was determined by single sprint performance (10-30 m), jump performance was evaluated by countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) tests and agility performance was measured using the T drill agility test. Quadriceps strength was significantly correlated with peak power at all contraction velocities. However, for mean power, significant correlation was only found between the 60° left and 180° right knee quadriceps measurements. No measure of strength was significantly related to the measurements from/results of field tests. Moreover, strong relations were found between the performance of athletes in different field tests (p< 0.05). The use of correlation analysis is the limitation of the this study.

8

Test-Retest Reliability and Validity of Three Different Agility Tests for Various Team Sports in Young Male Athletes

88%

Kutlu M., Doğan Ö.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2018

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vol. 22

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issue 2

33-38

EN

The purpose of this study is to examine the reproducibility of three different agility tests in basketball, soccer and water polo team sports. To determine the reliability 44 young male athletes (Basketball age 16.5 ±0.6, height 177.9 ±7.7 weight 70.0 ±7.1; Soccer age 16.3 ±0.5, height 169.2 ±5.0, weight 71.2 ±7.9; Water Polo age 17.1 ±0.7, height 181.3 ±6.7, weight 76.7 ±7.2) performed 3 different agility tests (Zig-Zag, Illinois and AS) on two occasions 1 wk. apart for test-retest. Sprint time scores were analyzed for each test. To determine the reliability Paired Sample T-test and Pearson Correlation Statistics were computed. Scores of teams were compared with ANOVA statistics to determine the difference. Test results showed that there was no significant difference between the two occasions for all agility test on subjects and teams (p > 0.01). There was higher correlation between test-retest values of subjects (r = 0.90–0.97). Three different agility tests were found valid in determining agility with significant moderate level correlation. (r = 0.36–0.44; p < 0.01). Differences among sport branches were found significant for agility scores (p < 0.05). All three agility tests are reliable and valid for team sport athletes. Soccer players had better scores than other branches in soccer specific test (AS). This study showed that sport specific agility tests are more useful than general agility tests.

9

Comparative Characteristics and Assessment of the Relations of Anthropometric Indicators and Motor Abilities of Girls’ Basketball Players 12-14 Years Old

88%

Chukhlantseva N., Cherednichenko I., Bruhno E.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2021

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vol. 33

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issue 1

61-71

EN

Anthropometric indicators and motor abilities are significant components of the successful implementation of the physical potential of young basketball players. The aim of the study was to describe and compare anthropometric characteristics, indicators of physical and special preparedness for basketball players under the age of 12 and up to 14 years, to identify the presence and degree of relationship between these indicators in each group of athletes. Athletes (n = 50) were grouped in groups under 12 years (U12, 10.97 ±0.48 years; n = 24), and under 14 (U14; 12.96 ±0.49 years; n = 26), body height and body weight were measured, dexterity and indicators of special preparedness were tested and compared (“Throws into the basket from different positions”, “Free Throws”, “Ten eights”). U12 players showed lower performance than the U14 group in all tests except the “Free Throws” test. All athletes showed astrong correlation between jumping and dexterity (p < 0.01). The U14 athletes showed astrong (p < 0.01) and moderate (p < 0.05) relationship between the indicators of special preparedness. Assessment of indicators of physical development, physical and special preparedness of athletes, the study of the relationship of these indicators at different periods of ontogenesis will help rationally differentiate training loads, emphasize pedagogical influences and optimize the training process.

10

The Influence of the "Red Win" Effect in Sports: A Hypothesis of Erroneous Perception of Opponents Dressed in Red - Preliminary Test

75%

Sorokowski P., Szmajke A.

Human Movement

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2011

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vol. 12

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issue 4

367-373

EN

Purpose. Psychological research indicates that, in contact sports, the results of sports competitions might be influenced by the color of an athlete's uniform (especially the color red). However, previous research has not yet experimentally verified whether this hypothesis might be a consequence of perceptual distortion caused by moving objects of a certain color, such as red. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of an object's color on the efficiency of performing simple tasks in a basic computer game. Methods. 225 participants aged between 16 and 30 years played nine different "arcade" games of skill, differed by the rules and colors used in the game, where the subjects were tested on their ability to hit, escape from, or outmaneuver certain objects of a certain color (either blue, red or black). The score achieved was then correlated to what effect the color of the objects had on a subject's visual perception. Results. It was found that the study participants were able to hit red moving objects significantly better than blue and black objects. No difference was found in the ability to avoid elements, in all three colors. Conclusions. The obtained result finds that in some games of skill, the color of the used stimulus might significantly influence perceptual efficiency and, therefore, the results and performance of individuals. The results of our study suggest that future research is needed in investigating the meaning and role of colors, as this may be very important, in various sports. The colors used in sports equipment, uniforms, environment, etc., should be empirically verified if they can influence the results of sports competitions.

11

Comparison of a New Test For Agility and Skill in Soccer With Other Agility Tests

75%

Kutlu M., Yapıcı H., Yoncalık O., Çelik S.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2012

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vol. 33

143-150

EN

The purpose of this study was both to develop a novel test to measure run, shuttle run and directional change agility, and soccer shots on goal with decision making and to compare it with other agility tests. Multiple comparisons and assessments were conducted, including test-retest, Illinois, Zig-Zag, 30 m, Bosco, T-drill agility, and Wingate peak power tests. A total of 113 Turkish amateur and professional soccer players and tertiary-level students participated in the study. Test-retest and inter-tester reliability testing measures were conducted with athletes. The correlation coefficient of the new test was .88, with no significant difference (p> 0.01> 0.01) between the test results obtained in the first and second test sessions. The results of an analysis of variance revealed a significant (p < 0.01) difference between the T-drill agility and power test results for soccer players. The new agility and skill test is an acceptable and reliable test when considering test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability. The findings in this study suggest that the novel soccer-specific agility and shooting test can be utilized in the testing and identification of soccer players' talents.

12

Comparison of Chosen Physical Fitness Characteristics of Turkish Professional Basketball Players by Division and Playing Position

75%

Köklü Y., Alemdaroğlu U., Koçak F., Erol A., Fındıkoğlu G.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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vol. 30

99-106

EN

The purpose of the present study was to compare chosen physical fitness characteristics of Turkish professional basketball players in different divisions (first and second division) and playing positions. Forty-five professional male basketball players (14 guards, 15 forwards, 16 centers) participated in this study voluntarily. For each player, anthropometric measurements were performed, as well as a multi-stage 20 m shuttle run, isokinetic leg strength, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-30 meter single-sprint and T-drill agility tests. The differences in terms of division were evaluated by independent t-test and the differences by playing position were evaluated by one-way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tukey test. First division players' CMJ measurements were significantly higher than those of second division players' (p≤0.05), whereas second division players' 10 m sprint times were significantly better than those of first division players' (p≤0.05). In addition, forwards and centers were significantly taller than guards. Centers were significantly heavier and their T-drill test performances were inferior to those of forwards and guards (p≤0.05). Moreover, guards had a significantly higher maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) than centers. Guards and forwards showed significantly better performance in the 10 and 30 m sprint tests than centers (p≤0.05). Forwards and centers had significantly better left leg flexor strength at 180°.s-1(p≤0.05). In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that physical performance of professional basketball players differed among guards, forwards and centers, whereas there were not significant differences between first and second division players. According to the present study, court positions have different demands and physical attributes which are specific to each playing position in professional basketball players. Therefore, these results suggest that coaches should tailor fitness programs according to specific positions on the court.

13

The Functional Classification and Field Test Performance in Wheelchair Basketball Players

75%

Gil S. M., Yanci J., Otero M., Olasagasti J., Badiola A., Bidaurrazaga-Letona I., Iturricastillo A., Granados C.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2015

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vol. 46

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issue 1

219-230

EN

Wheelchair basketball players are classified in four classes based on the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) system of competition. Thus, the aim of the study was to ascertain if the IWBF classification, the type of injury and the wheelchair experience were related to different performance field-based tests. Thirteen basketball players undertook anthropometric measurements and performance tests (hand dynamometry, 5 m and 20 m sprints, 5 m and 20 m sprints with a ball, a T-test, a Pick-up test, a modified 10 m Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, a maximal pass and a medicine ball throw). The IWBF class was correlated (p<0.05) to the hand dynamometry (r= 0.84), the maximal pass (r=0.67) and the medicine ball throw (r= 0.67). Whereas the years of dependence on the wheelchair were correlated to the velocity (p<0.01): 5 m (r= −0.80) and 20 m (r= −0.77) and agility tests (r= −0.77, p<0.01). Also, the 20 m sprint with a ball (r= 0.68) and the T-test (r= −0.57) correlated (p<0.05) with the experience in playing wheelchair basketball. Therefore, in this team the correlations of the performance variables differed when they were related to the disability class, the years of dependence on the wheelchair and the experience in playing wheelchair basketball. These results should be taken into account by the technical staff and coaches of the teams when assessing performance of wheelchair basketball players.

14

Mechanical Analysis of the Acute Effects of a Heavy Resistance Exercise Warm-Up on Agility Performance in Court-Sport Athletes

75%

Sole C. J., Moir G. L., Davis S. E., Witmer C. A.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2013

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vol. 39

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issue 1

147-156

EN

The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of heavy resistance exercise on agility performance in court-sport athletes. Five men (age: 20.6 ± 1.9 years; body mass: 79.36 ± 11.74 kg; body height: 1.93 ± 0.09 m) and five women (age 21.2 ± 2.7 years; body mass: 65.8 ± 10.18 kg; body height 1.77 ± 0.08 m) volunteered to participate in the present study. All subjects were NCAA Division II athletes who currently participated in tennis or basketball and all had previous resistance training experience of at least one year. In a counterbalanced design, agility performance during a 10 m shuttle test was assessed following either a dynamic warm-up (DW) or heavy resistance warm-up (HRW) protocol. The HRW protocol consisted of three sets of squats at 50, 60, and 90% of 1-RM. Agility performance was captured using an eight camera motion analysis system and the mechanical variables of stride length, stride frequency, stance time, flight time, average ground reaction force, as well as agility time were recorded. No significant differences were reported for the HRW and DW protocols for any of the mechanical variables (p>0.05), although there was a trend towards the HRW protocol producing faster agility times compared to the control protocol (p = 0.074). Based on the trend towards a significant effect, as well as individual results it is possible that HRW protocols could be used as an acute method to improve agility performance in some court-sport athletes.

15

Effect of power on agility, linear speed and change of direction deficit in female soccer players

63%

Fischerova P., Krosta R., Gołaś A., Terbalyan A., Nitychoruk M., Maszczyk A.

Physical Activity Review

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2021

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vol. 1

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issue 9

109-116

EN

Introduction: The aim of the study was to examine relationships between power of the lower limb and agility, speed, and change of direction (COD) deficit in professional female soccer players. Material and methods: Thirty-three elite Polish Extraliga league soccer players (aged 22 ±5 years; body height 166 ± 4 cm; body weight 58 ± 8 kg) performed the following fitness tests: lower limb muscle power (Leg Press, Half Squat, Counter Movement Jump), straight linear speed (SLS 20 m), and COD speed ( Zig-Zag test, COD deficit). Using the median value as a reference, the players were subdivided into two groups (n=17; n=16) according to their LP, HS 60% 1RM, CMJ (High values below median = stronger group and Low = weaker group ). Results: The COD deficit was calculated as the difference between the 20m speed and the Zig-Zag test. The stronger group was better than the weaker group in SLS 20m (p<0.05; ES=1.23; 0.83; 0.93), but in the Zig-Zag agility test, the difference in the results was not statistically significant (p>0.05; ES=0.48; 0.34; 0.34) and this affected the COD deficit, which was higher (p<0.05; ES=0.9; 0.73; 0.72). The most important finding was that the stronger group had a higher COD deficit and its improvement (reduction) occurs only if the results of the agility test are improved (through agility training) [Ydeficit All groups=0.10+0.87* 20m - 0.83* Zig-Zag]. Increasing power (HS, LP) lead to the improvement in SLS p<0.05, not to COD abilities. Conclusion: This can be useful for coaches during agility training and to improve COD deficit in soccer players and women in general.

16

The degree of agility in a technology company’s strategy, management, and leadership.

63%

Vanharanta H., Kantola J., Markopoulos E., Salo M., Einolande J., Hanhisalo T., Vanharanta H., Kantola J., Markopoulos E., Salo M., Einolande J., Hanhisalo T.

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2018

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vol. 9

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issue 4

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The Kinetic Specificity of Plyometric Training: Verbal Cues Revisited

Forms of Activities with a Dog as Modern Types of Physical Recreation

Assessment of Change of Direction and Agility. Running and Dribbling among Soccer, Basketball and Handball Players: The Concept of “Agility deficit”

Acute effects of weighted plyometric exercise on sprint, agility and jump performance in university football players

Profile, Correlation and Structure of Speed in Youth Elite Soccer Players

Effect of Resistance Tube Exercises on Kicking Accuracy, Vertical Jump and 40-Yard Technical Test in Competitive Football Players – An Experimental Study

The Relationship Between Muscle Strength, Anaerobic Performance, Agility, Sprint Ability and Vertical Jump Performance in Professional Basketball Players

Test-Retest Reliability and Validity of Three Different Agility Tests for Various Team Sports in Young Male Athletes

Comparative Characteristics and Assessment of the Relations of Anthropometric Indicators and Motor Abilities of Girls’ Basketball Players 12-14 Years Old

The Influence of the "Red Win" Effect in Sports: A Hypothesis of Erroneous Perception of Opponents Dressed in Red - Preliminary Test

Comparison of a New Test For Agility and Skill in Soccer With Other Agility Tests

Comparison of Chosen Physical Fitness Characteristics of Turkish Professional Basketball Players by Division and Playing Position

The Functional Classification and Field Test Performance in Wheelchair Basketball Players

Mechanical Analysis of the Acute Effects of a Heavy Resistance Exercise Warm-Up on Agility Performance in Court-Sport Athletes

Effect of power on agility, linear speed and change of direction deficit in female soccer players

The degree of agility in a technology company’s strategy, management, and leadership.