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EN
The article discusses selected issues related to construction and performance of dry powder inhalers with the spinning capsule: Aerolizer® and cyclohaler. Investigations involved devices and capsules found among medicinal products available on the domestic market. Based on scanning electron microscope images, the following were determined: (i) shape and crosssection of needles used to puncture drug-containing capsules as well as (ii) size, geometry and cross-section of small holes in the capsules through which powder is introduced into the airstream while using the inhaler. It was found that differences in shape and spatial arrangement of needles affect both the total area of holes and the character of perforation. In Aerolizer® inhalers, the average area of holes is 1.3 mm2 at each side of the capsule, and oval through holes are obtained. In investigated cyclohaler-type inhalers, the average hole area ranges from 1.6 to 2.2 mm2 , and perforations are partly covered by torn fragments of the capsule. It has been determined that both the type of needles and inherent properties of the material from which capsules are made have an impact on observed effects. The authors have also assessed the potential influence of differences in the manner of perforation and applied capsule material on even powder release and aerosol generation in the device. Also, attention has been paid to other significant features of inhaler devices and powder formulations which decide about effective inhalation drug delivery to the respiratory system.
PL
W pracy przeanalizowano wybrane elementy budowy i działania inhalatorów kapsułkowych z wirującą kapsułką: Aerolizer® i cyklohaler. W badaniach zastosowano urządzenia i kapsułki wchodzące w skład produktów leczniczych dostępnych na rynku krajowym. Na podstawie zdjęć spod skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego określono: (i) kształt i pole przekroju igieł używanych do przekłucia kapsułek z lekiem oraz (ii) wielkość, geometrię i pole powierzchni otworków utworzonych w kapsułce, przez które proszek jest wprowadzany do strumienia powietrza podczas stosowania inhalatora. Stwierdzono, że różnica w ukształtowaniu ostrza oraz rozmieszczeniu igieł wpływa zarówno na całkowitą wielkość powierzchni otworków, jak i na charakter powstałej perforacji. W inhalatorze Aerolizer® powierzchnia otworków wynosi średnio 1,3 mm2 po każdej stronie kapsułki i uzyskuje się owalne otwory przelotowe. W przebadanych inhalatorach typu cyklohaler powierzchnia otworków wynosi średnio 1,6–2,2 mm2 i utworzone otwory pozostają częściowo przykryte przez naddarty fragment powłoki kapsułki. Ustalono, że wpływ na obserwowane efekty mają zarówno rodzaj zastosowanych igieł, jak i właściwości materiału kapsułki. Oceniono potencjalny wpływ różnic dotyczących sposobu perforacji, a także zastosowanego materiału kapsułki na równomierność wysypu proszku oraz powstawanie aerozolu w inhalatorze. Jednocześnie zwrócono uwagę na inne istotne cechy inhalatorów oraz formulacji proszkowych, które decydują o możliwości efektywnego dostarczania leków inhalacyjnych do układu oddechowego.
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issue 3
363-378
EN
This study reports the results of field research into variability of the scavenging coefficient (Λ) of suspended dust comprising particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 mm. Registration of PM10 over 7 years in conditions of the occurrence of rainfall (convective light showers, large-scale precipitation and storms) was undertaken in an undeveloped rural area. The analysis involved 806 observations taken at constant time intervals of 0.5 hour. The measurements of the concentration of PM10 were performed by means of a reference method accompanied by concurrent registration of basic meteorological parameters. It was found that, for PM10, the scavenging efficiency is considerably influenced by rainfall intensity R and the type of precipitation. In the case of convective precipitation, data on Λ are only partially related to “classical approach” of rain scavenging. Within the range of comparable values of rainfall intensity, the type of wet deposition (except for storms) does not influence the effectiveness of scavenging PM10 from the ground-level zone. The large number of observations conducted in real-time conditions yielded a proposal of simple regression model, which can be deemed suitable for the description of variability Λ (DPM10), but only to a limited extent for large-scale precipitation. The collected results can be applied in air pollution dispersion models and deposition and were found to be generally representative for areas with similar climatic characteristics.
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