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Dependence of Aerobic Performance of Athletes on Polymorphism of Genes

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Drozdovska S. B., Lysenko O. M., Dosenko V. E., Ilyin V. N.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2015
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vol. 9
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issue 1
65-73
EN
The adaptation of an athlete to systematic physical exercise has been shown to be determined by a combination of great many genes. The aim of our study was to investigate the dependence of the aerobic capacity parameters in sport on the set of gene polymorphisms. Cardio-respiratory system (CRS) adaptation reactions to exercise of 72 endurance athletes were assessed using the gas analysis. The analysis of the obtained results has shown both single and combined effect of the gene polymorphisms on the aerobic capacity. The impact of 6 polymorphisms on the aerobic performance level was analyzed: Т–786→С polymorphism of the promoter of еNOS gene as well as АСЕ I/D polymorphism, Рго/Ala polymorphism of PPARG gene, G/C polymorphism of PPARA gene, Pro582Ser polymorphism of HIF1α gene, and Ala203Pro polymorphism of PPARGC1B. It was found that a single impact on the HRmax providing АСЕ I/D polymorphism. Individual influence of АСЕ gene accounts for 2% of this index dissipation. Results showed that there is a dependence between the amount the maximum volume of consumed oxygen (VO2max) from the set of gene polymorphisms. Cumulative impact of these polymorphisms in the combination with the individual parameters (gender; qualification; kind of sport) stipulates 71% of dispersion of VO2max value.
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Changes in Endurance Performance in Young Athletes During Two Training Seasons

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Tota Ł., Maciejczyk M., Pokora I., Cempla J., Pilch W., Pałka T.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 49
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issue 1
149-158
EN
The aim of the study was to assess changes in endurance performance in young runners (females and males) during two training seasons. It involved 19 male and 16 female athletes aged 15-17 specializing in track-and-field middle and long distances runs. The following parameters were measured three times during the training season: maximal oxygen uptake, running economy, and the level of the second ventilatory threshold. Training volume and intensity during each season were analyzed within an 8-week period prior to the exercise tests. The volume and intensity of training at various stages of preparation in both seasons were similar. During the first year of observation, significant improvements in relative volume of maximal oxygen uptake were reported both in female and male athletes. During the second training season, it was found that running economy improved both in women and men, with no changes in maximal oxygen uptake. The same (in terms of volume and intensity) endurance training carried out with young runners during two consecutive training seasons can result in different training effects.
3
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Determination of Maximal Oxygen Uptake Using the Bruce or a Novel Athlete-Led Protocol in a Mixed Population

100%
Hamlin M., Draper N., Blackwell G., Shearman J., Kimber N.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 31
97-104
EN
Treadmill tests for maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) have traditionally used set speed and incline increments regardless of participants training or exercise background. The aim of this study was to determine the validity of a novel athlete-led protocol for determining maximal aerobic fitness in adults. Twenty-nine participants (21 male, 8 female, age 29.8 ± 9.5 y, BMI 24.4 ± 3.1, mean ± SD) from a variety of exercise backgrounds were asked to complete two maximal treadmill running tests (using the standard Bruce or a novel athlete-led protocol [ALP]) to volitional failure in a counter-balanced randomised cross-over trial one week apart. We found no substantial difference in maximal oxygen uptake (47.0 ± 9.1 and 46.8 ± 10.7 ml.kg-1.min-1, mean ± SD for the ALP and Bruce protocols respectively), evidenced by the Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.93 (90% confidence limits, 0.88-0.96). However, compared to the Bruce protocol, participants completing the ALP protocol attained a substantially higher maximal heart rate (ALP = 182.8 ± 10.5, Bruce = 179.7 ± 8.7 beats.min-1). Additionally, using the Bruce protocol took a longer period of time (23.2 ± 17.0 s) compared to the ALP protocol. It seems that using either treadmill protocol will give you similar maximal oxygen uptake results. We suggest the ALP protocol which is simpler, quicker and probably better at achieving maximal heart rates is a useful alternative to the traditional Bruce protocol.
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Measurement of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children from Two Commonly Used Field Tests After Accounting for Body Fatness and Maturity

88%
Hamlin M. J., Fraser M., Lizamore C. A., Draper N., Shearman J. P., Kimber N. E.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 1
83-92
EN
Body fat and maturation both influence cardiorespiratory fitness, however few studies have taken these variables into account when using field tests to predict children’s fitness levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between two field tests of cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m Maximal Multistage Shuttle Run [20-MST], 550 m distance run [550-m]) and direct measurement of VO2max after adjustment for body fatness and maturity levels. Fifty-three participants (25 boys, 28 girls, age 10.6 ± 1.2 y, mean ± SD) had their body fat levels estimated using bioelectrical impedance (16.6% ± 6.0% and 20.0% ± 5.8% for boys and girls, respectively). Participants performed in random order, the 20-MST and 550-m run followed by a progressive treadmill test to exhaustion during which gas exchange measures were taken. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis revealed that the participants’ performance in the 20-MST and 550-m run were highly correlated to VO2max obtained during the treadmill test to exhaustion (r = 0.70 and 0.59 for 20-MST and 550-m run, respectively). Adjusting for body fatness and maturity levels in a multivariate regression analysis increased the associations between the field tests and VO2max (r = 0.73 for 20-MST and 0.65 for 550-m). We may conclude that both the 20-MST and the 550-m distance run are valid field tests of cardiorespiratory fitness in New Zealand 8-13 year old children and incorporating body fatness and maturity levels explains an additional 5-7% of the variance.
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Effect of the Game Design, the Goal Type and the Number of Players on Intensity of Play in Small-Sided Soccer Games in Youth Elite Players

88%
González-Rodenas J., Calabuig F., Aranda R.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 49
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issue 1
229-235
EN
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of game design modification, the type of the goal and the number of players on the intensity of play in small-sided soccer games (SSGs) in youth elite players. Twenty young soccer players (age 13.7 ± 0.5 years, body mass 57.4 ± 7.8 kg, body height 1.67 ± 7.8 m, maximal heart rate 201.1 ± 8.2 beats/min) performed three types of SSGs (possession play (PP) vs. regular goals (RG) vs. small goals (SG)) in both four-a-side and six-a-side formats. The heart rate responses were recorded and analysed as an indicator of the intensity of play. The four-a-side format obtained higher intensity of play than six-a-side for PP (p<0.05), but not for SG and RG. SG showed higher intensity of play than RG for four-a-side (p<0.001), but not for six-a-side. PP registered higher intensity of play than RG (p<0.05), but not than SG in four-a-side, whereas in six-a-side no differences were found between the three formats. In conclusion, the modification of variables such as the number of players, the game design and the type of the goal influences the intensity of play in small-sided soccer games in youth players.
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