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1

Aerobic Capacity of Elderly Women Engaged in Controlled Physical Activity

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da Cunha R., de Assunção Ferreira M., Bezerra J., Guerra I., Dantas E.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2010

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vol. 23

63-69

EN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aerobic capacity of elderly participants in the family health program at Health Municipal Secretary, who were submitted to a regular program of physical exercise. This experimental study had a sample size of 98 hypertensive elderly women. The sample was divided randomly into an experimental group (EG; n=58, age: 67±6 years) and a control group (CG; n=40; age: 70±6 years). Aerobic capacity was evaluated by a six-minute walking test (WT6). The intervention program was conducted three times a week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday), between 17:00 and 17:45 hours, with an intensity that varied from 55% to 75% of the theoretical maximum heart rate. Student's paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests were utilised in the intra-group analysis (for homogenous or heterogeneous distributions of the data, respectively). An ANOVA two-way parametric test was used to evaluate the inter-group data followed by the Scheffe post hoc test. A value of p<0.05 was adopted for statistical significance. The results revealed an increase in distance travelled in the EG in the post-test relative to the pretest (Δ= 70.58 m; p<0.0001) and relative to the CG post-test (Δ= 116.58 m; p<0.0001). Furthermore, the CG travelled less distance in the post-test than in the pre-test (Δ= -0.78 m; p=0.003). Therefore, we infer that a walking regimen of controlled intensity improves the distance travelled by elderly women in the WT6 by increasing their aerobic capacity.

2

THE ASSESSMENT OF AEROBIC PHYSICAL CAPACITY IN YOUNG SWIMMERS

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Łubkowska W., Troszczyński J.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2013

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vol. 2

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issue 2

21-29

EN

The purpose of this paper was to confront some selected physiological parameters that describe aerobic capacity with young swimmers’ sports achievements. For the study, some athletes with the average age of 14.67, who train swimming at the SMS Szczecin Club, were selected. A progressive test of their oxygen power was performed in order to determine their aerobic capacity, with the means of the European Ranking (LEN). Each swimmer’s sports level was presented in points [pts.]. The swimmers’ characteristics were presented as divided into three groups: (S) – short-distance specialization, (M) – medium-distance specializati on and (L) – long-distance specialization. In group (S), maximum oxygen consumption – VO2max [l/min] achieved the levels of 3.95 [l/min] (male swimmers) and 2,77 [l/min] (female swimmers); in group (M) – 4.12 [l/min] and 2.97 [l/min], respectively; and in group (L) – 4.14 [l/min] and 3.338 [l/min]. Among male swimmers, level of VO2 max [ml/kg/min] equaled 58.96 – group (S), 59.72 – group (M) a nd 62.10 – group (L); while among female swimmers it reached 48.67 (S), 49.36 (M) and 54.60 (L), res pectively. The recorded values of VO2 max [ml/kg/min] qualify the young swimmers to the group of people with a very high physical capacity. Our selection of Szczecin’s athletes to individual groups proved to be correct. The considerations presented in the paper bring one’s attention to the substantive quality of the intake and selection of swimmers. In the selection, it is necessary to take such physiologic rates as VO2 max or VO2/HR into consideration.

3

Influence of Hypoxia Training on the Aerobic Capacity of an Elite Race Walker

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Maciejczyk M., Sudoł G., Szyguła Z.

Human Movement

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2012

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vol. 13

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issue 4

360-366

EN

Purpose. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a combination of two different hypoxic training models (“live high-train high” and “live high-train low” with the use of a hypoxic tent) on the aerobic capacity of a elite race walker preparing for the 2009 IAAF World Championships. Methods. Evaluation of VO2max and the second ventilatory threshold was performed three times: 1) after four weeks training without hypoxic conditions, 2) after 28 days training in normoxia and sleeping for 8 h/day in a hypoxic tent (normobaric hypoxia, simulated hypoxia at 2133 m above sea level) and 3) after 26 days of classical altitude training at a moderate altitude of about 1800 m ASL (hypobaric hypoxia). The hematological parameters of the athlete’s blood (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocytes and reticulocytes counts) were also measured after each stage. Results. After training in normoxia and sleeping in a hypoxic tent the ventilatory threshold was noted at a higher work intensity and featured an improvement in his hematological parameters, although VO2max was unchanged (compared to training without hypoxia). After classical altitude training a higher level of VO2max was observed (with a ventilatory threshold level similar to the level after training in normobaric hypoxia), but the hematological indices were lower than the levels observed before starting hypoxic training. Conclusions. The combination of two methods of hypoxic training improved the aerobic capacity of the test subject, but an improvement in the analyzed hematological indicators was observed only after LH + TL training. After training in LH + TH these indicators were lower in comparison to the levels prior hypoxic training. The changes in the hematological indices after hypoxic training did not seem to have a significant influence on aerobic capacity; the observed improvements in physical performance may result from other factors.

4

The Predictive Value of On-Ice Special Tests in Relation to Various Indexes of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity in Ice Hockey Players

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Roczniok R., Maszczyk A., Czuba M., Stanula A., Pietraszewski P., Gabryś T.

Human Movement

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2012

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vol. 13

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issue 1

28-32

EN

Purpose. The main goal of this study was to determine the predictive value of the indexes of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in relation to specific on-ice tests performed by hockey players that focus on strength, power, speed as well as speed and strength endurance. Methods. Ice hockey players, who were members of the U20 (under 20 years of age) Polish National Ice Hockey Team, were selected from the Athletic School in Sosnowiec, Poland. Parameters that determine anaerobic and aerobic capacity were evaluated and a special physical fitness assessment was made based on a battery of ice-hockey specific tests. The degree and direction of correlations between the individual parameters of anaerobic and aerobic endurance and the special physical fitness test were calculated. Results. The obtained results found significant correlations between maximal power obtained from the Wingate test and certain aspects of the special physical fitness test, specifically the 6 × 9 turns, 6 × 9 stops and 6 × 30 m endurance tests. Significant correlations of the above-mentioned special physical fitness tests were also observed with the aerobic capacity parameter, VO2max. Conclusions. The obtained results could be considerably useful in training, as well as providing much more information on athletes which can then be suited for more personalized forms of training.

5

An Assessment on the Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities of a Tennis Player

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Zatoń M., Stępień A.

Human Movement

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2011

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vol. 12

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issue 2

139-146

EN

Purpose. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between a tennis players' technical abilities and their capacity evaluated in both a laboratory and on the tennis court. Basic procedures. Twelve tennis players participated in the study. The anaerobic capacity test (Wingate) and the progressive test were performed on a Monark E 895 cycloergometer. The aerobic and anaerobic capacities were evaluated in the laboratory. The Weber capacity test was performed on a tennis court. Main findings. The research did not reveal any significant correlation between the Wingate's mechanical parameters and the physiological parameters of the Weber test. A correlation of the maximal oxygen uptake with stroke precision on a tennis court can be observed. The research found that the maximal power output (Pmax) and total work (Wtot) found in the laboratory is related to the stroke precision on a tennis court. Conclusions. The results may suggest that both tests can be applied in the assessment of capacity and the effects of training. From the results of the laboratory and on-court tests, it is possible to specify a player's semi-specific endurance.

6

Aerobic Capacity of Students with Different Levels of Physical Activity as Assessed by IPAQ

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Mynarski W., Rozpara M., Czapla K., Garbaciak W.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2009

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vol. 21

89-96

EN

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) has become one of the world's most valuable tools for measuring physical activity in different groups or populations.The relationship between regular, moderate-intensity physical activity and health parameters including physical fitness and aerobic capacity has been clearly proven by numerous investigations throughout the world.The aim of the present study was to determine the magnitude of differences in absolute & relative (lxmin-1, mlxkg-1xmin-1) VO2 max, by using the Astrand-Ryhming normogram in students aged 19 to 24 years, depending on their weekly energy expenditure (METminxweek-1), as diagnosed with IPAQ.The significance of differences in aerobic capacity between highly and moderately active students was evaluated. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated as a measure of the strength of the correlation between the above parameters in female and male groups.VO2 max was significantly higher in male and female participants, with a high level of physical activity, as determined through IPAQ criteria.

7

Multi-Stage 20-m Shuttle Run Fitness Test, Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Velocity at Maximal Oxygen Uptake

100%

Paradisis G. P., Zacharogiannis E., Mandila D., Smirtiotou A., Argeitaki P., Cooke C. B.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2014

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vol. 41

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issue 1

81-87

EN

The multi-stage 20-m shuttle run fitness test (20mMSFT) is a popular field test which is widely used to measure aerobic fitness by predicting maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and performance. However, the velocity at which VO 2 max occurs (vVO 2 max) is a better indicator of performance than VO 2 max, and can be used to explain inter-individual differences in performance that VO 2 max cannot. It has been reported as a better predictor for running performance and it can be used to monitor athletes’ training for predicting optimal training intensity. This study investigated the validity and suitability of predicting VO2max and vVO2max of adult subjects on the basis of the performance of the 20mMST. Forty eight (25 male and 23 female) physical education students performed, in random order, a laboratory based continuous horizontal treadmill test to determine VO2max, vVO 2 max and a 20mMST, with an interval of 3 days between each test. The results revealed significant correlations between the number of shuttles in the 20mMSFT and directly determined VO 2 max (r = 0.87, p<0.05) and vVO 2 max (r = 0.93, p<0.05). The equation for prediction of VO 2 max was y = 0.0276x + 27.504, whereas for vVO 2 max it was y = 0.0937x + 6.890. It can be concluded that the 20mMSFT can accurately predict VO 2 max and vVO 2 max and this field test can provide useful information regarding aerobic fitness of adults. The predicted vVO 2 max can be used in monitoring athletes, especially in determining optimal training intensity.

8

The direction of the changes of rates of the internal and external training load under the influence of high-altitude hypoxia on mountain bikers

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Gabrys T., Szmatlan-Gabrys U., Stanula A.

Physical Activity Review

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2019

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issue 7

40-48

EN

The aim of the research carried out was to establish the direction, and scope of the changes in internal, and external load indicator values in cyclists, men, and women, in high-altitude hypoxia conditions. The participants of the study were mountain bike cyclists, members of Russian and Polish Nationals Teams (women n=11, men n=9). They have done the graded incremental exercise test at the altitude of 170 m (Lonato del Garda, Italy) and 2250 m (Livignio-Trepale Italy). In the course of effort VO2, VE, VCO2 was measured by means of K4b2 analyser (Cosmed Italy). Effort intensity was determined at ventilators thresholds VT1 (AT), and VT2. Internal and external load indicators undergo changes during physical effort in cyclists under the influence of high altitude hypoxia. In groups of men and women, the changes in indicator values reach VE: 9% and 12%, HR: 0,5% and 15, O2HR: 7% and 15%, VO2: 14% and 20% respectively, as well as a decrease in 5 and 4% of the generated power, respectively. A decrease in the generated power by 5%, higher ventilation, amounting to 10%, a higher VO2max, amounting to 17% in hypoxic conditions, in comparison with the conditions similar to those at sea level, show that it is necessary to modify training loads.

9

The Effects of High Intensity Interval Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Aerobic Capacity in Basketball Players

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Czuba M., Zając A., Maszczyk A., Roczniok R., Poprzęcki S., Garbaciak W., Zając T.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2013

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vol. 39

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issue 1

103-114

EN

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3-week high intensity interval training in normobaric hypoxia (IHT) on aerobic capacity in basketball players. Twelve male well trained basketball players, randomly divided into a hypoxia (H) group (n=6; age: 22±1.6 years; VO2max: 52.6±3.9 ml/kg/min; body height - BH: 188.8±6.1 cm; body mass - BM: 83.9±7.2 kg; % of body fat - FAT%: 11.2±3.1%), and a control (C) group (n=6; age: 22±2.4 years; VO2max: 53.0±5.2 ml/kg/min; BH: 194.3 ± 6.6 cm; BM: 99.9±11.1 kg; FAT% 11.0±2.8 %) took part in the study. The training program applied during the study was the same for both groups, but with different environmental conditions during the selected interval training sessions. For 3 weeks, all subjects performed three high intensity interval training sessions per week. During the interval training sessions, the H group trained in a normobaric hypoxic chamber at a simulated altitude of 2500 m, while the group C performed interval training sessions under normoxia conditions also inside the chamber. Each interval running training sessions consisted of four to five 4 min bouts at 90% of VO2max velocity determined in hypoxia (vVO2max-hyp) for the H group and 90% of velocity at VO2max determined in normoxia for the group C. The statistical post-hoc analysis showed that the training in hypoxia caused a significant (p<0.001) increase (10%) in total distance during the ramp test protocol (the speed was increased linearly by 1 km/h per 1min until volitional exhaustion), as well as increased (p<0.01) absolute (4.5%) and relative (6.2%) maximal workload (WRmax). Also, the absolute and relative values of VO2max in this group increased significantly (p<0.001) by 6.5% and 7.8%. Significant, yet minor changes were also observed in the group C, where training in normoxia caused an increase (p<0.05) in relative values of WRmax by 2.8%, as well as an increase (p<0.05) in the absolute (1.3%) and relative (2.1%) values of VO2max. This data suggest that an intermittent hypoxic training protocol with high intensity intervals (4 to 5 x 4 min bouts at 90% of vVO2max-hyp) is an effective training means for improving aerobic capacity at sea level in basketball players.

10

The effect of glycerol supplements on aerobic and anaerobic performance of athletes and sedentary subjects

88%

Patlar S., Yalçin H., Boyali E.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2012

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vol. 34

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issue 1

69-79

EN

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycerol supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in sedentary subjects and athletes. The glycerol supplement treatments were as follows: 40 volunteers were selected and divided into two groups, sedentary and exercise groups. These two groups were further subdivided into two groups. The first group, the placebo (S), only consumed water; the second group (GS) consumed glycerol followed by water. Neither of these groups did any exercise for 20 days. The third and fourth groups consisted of the exercise group subjects; they were required to perform a 20-m shuttle run test every day for 20 days. The third group’s subjects, the placebo (E), only consumed water. The last group (GE) consumed glycerol followed by water. The Astrand Cycle Ergometer Test (ACET) was performed, and the Cosmed K4b2 portable gas analysis system was used to determine the aerobic capacity, while the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAPT) was performed to determine the level of anaerobic power. The 20 Meter Shuttle Run Test (20MSRT) was performed after glycerol supplementation throughout the 20 days, and the exercise periods and distances were recorded. The glycerol supplement was found to have an increasing effect on aerobic and anaerobic performance in GS, E and GE. A similar effect was found for the covered distances and time in the same groups. However, an adverse effect was found on body weight.

11

Effect of Aqua Aerobics on Selected Somatic, Physiological and Aerobic Capacity Parameters in Postmenopausal Women

75%

Kantyka J., Herman D., Roczniok R.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 4

13-22

EN

The world’s population is aging. Aquatic exercises can improve the physical function in humans and raise the quality of their lives in middle and older age. The study aimed to determine the effect of aqua aerobics on the selected somatic, physiological and aerobic capacity parameters in postmenopausal women. 11 purposively selected women that were confirmed overweight or obese by 20% and had Body Mass Index of 30±5 (the first stage of obesity) took part in aqua aerobics classes three times a week for 14 weeks. Their mean age was 56.18±3.19 years and mean height was 166.5±7.41 cm. The value of LBM and muscle mass (p=0.04 in both cases) were statistically significantly higher at study end compared with their baseline values, likewise haemoglobin concentration (p=0.001), haematocrit (p=0.03) and blood cell count (p=0.01), whereas BMI (p=0.02) and percentage body fat (p=0.04) were significantly lower. The lactate analysis revealed significant changes in LAmax (p=0.04), LAres9' (p=0.02), DeltaLAmax-LAsp (p=0.02) and DeltaLAres9’-LAres3’ (p=0,0004). After 14 weeks of aqua aerobic workout, significant changes were noted in the selected somatic, morphological and aerobic capacity parameters in postmenopausal women, but the differences between the lipid profiles were insignificant.

12

Physical Fitness Differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman Junior Wrestlers

75%

Demirkan E., Kutlu M., Koz M., Özal M., Favre M.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2014

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vol. 41

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issue 1

245-251

EN

The aim of the present study was to examine physical fitness differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman junior wrestlers. One hundred twenty-six junior wrestlers, comprising 70 Freestyle and 56 Greco-Roman wrestlers, participated in this study. The somatic and physical fitness profile included body mass, body height, body mass index, body composition, flexibility, maximal anaerobic power of the legs and arms, aerobic endurance, hand grip strength, leg and back strength, and speed. No significant differences were found in the anthropometric and physical features between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. The Greco-Roman wrestlers had a significantly higher level of relative leg power, peak arm power, relative peak arm power, and relative average arm power than Freestyle wrestlers (p < 0.05). Greco-Roman wrestlers were significantly faster, had better agility, and had a greater level of leg strength than Freestyle wrestlers, but Freestyle wrestlers were more flexible than Greco-Roman wrestlers (p < 0.05). Discriminant function analysis indicated that peak arm power, agility, speed, and flexibility were selective factors for the differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the differences between these wrestling styles promote physical fitness differences in elite wrestlers. The results reflect specific features of each wrestling style.

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Aerobic Capacity of Elderly Women Engaged in Controlled Physical Activity

THE ASSESSMENT OF AEROBIC PHYSICAL CAPACITY IN YOUNG SWIMMERS

Influence of Hypoxia Training on the Aerobic Capacity of an Elite Race Walker

The Predictive Value of On-Ice Special Tests in Relation to Various Indexes of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity in Ice Hockey Players

An Assessment on the Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities of a Tennis Player

Aerobic Capacity of Students with Different Levels of Physical Activity as Assessed by IPAQ

Multi-Stage 20-m Shuttle Run Fitness Test, Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Velocity at Maximal Oxygen Uptake

The direction of the changes of rates of the internal and external training load under the influence of high-altitude hypoxia on mountain bikers

The Effects of High Intensity Interval Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Aerobic Capacity in Basketball Players

The effect of glycerol supplements on aerobic and anaerobic performance of athletes and sedentary subjects

Effect of Aqua Aerobics on Selected Somatic, Physiological and Aerobic Capacity Parameters in Postmenopausal Women

Physical Fitness Differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman Junior Wrestlers