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1

Influence of genetic factors on the susceptibility to HBV infection, its clinical pictures, and responsiveness to HBV vaccination

100%
Kacprzak-Bergman I., Nowakowska B.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2005
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vol. 53
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issue 2
139-142
EN
The association of genetic factors with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection susceptibility, its different manifestations, and the different responses to hepatitis B antigen vaccination have been described by several authors. With regard to HLA class I molecules, association with HLA-B was especially observed. HLA-B35 and -B8 correlated with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and with hepatitis B carriers. Correlation between HBV infection and HLA class II (loci DR and DQ) was also indicated, but results are not clear regarding the clinical pictures of the disease nor vaccination response. HLA class III (fourth complement component ? C4, third complement component ? C3, and properdin factor ? BF) are associated with various manifestations of this disease. The gammaglobulin phenotype Gm(1, 2, 3, 10, 21) was more frequent in CAH. However, in only three publications was the impact of HLA on the efficacy of interferon therapy taken into account.
2

Haemophilus influenzae type b and pertussis vaccinations in preterm infants

100%
Sikora J. P., Chlebna-Sokol D., Ligenza I., Sikora A.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 3
193-199
EN
Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the serological efficacy of Hiberix and Infanrix-DTPa vaccines in preterm infants. Materials and Methods: The results of the investigation of 61 preterm infants immunized three times (primary vaccination) with Hiberix and Infanrix-DTPa at 6-week intervals are presented. Of the 61 children, 17 were additionally immunized with a booster dose of these vaccines. Postvaccinal response to these immunizations was evaluated by an immunoenzymatic method. Results: We observed a significant increase in protective postvaccinal antibody titers against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Bordetella pertussis after the primary vaccination compared with the initial antibody levels (p<0.05). A significant increase (p<0.0002) in protective antibody titers after the booster dose of Hiberix compared with the primary vaccination was also noted. No correlations between birth weight, gestational age, and the achieved levels of postvaccinal anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate of Hib and of anti-pertussis toxin and anti-filamentous hemagglutinin of B. pertussis antibodies after the primary vaccination or booster dose were found. After the booster dose, all the preterm infants responded with the production of protective postvaccinal antibody titers against Hib and B. pertussis. Conclusions: Due to the very good immunogenicity of the vaccines against Hib studied, inclusion of this immunization should be proposed in the obligatory vaccination schedule in Poland, especially in preterm infants. An additional immunization (i.e. a second booster dose) of Polish children with acellular pertussis (DTPa) vaccine is necessary to protect them from decreasing protective anti-pertussis antibody titers in early childhood.
3

Tumor resistance to CD8+ T cell-based therapeutic vaccination

100%
Huang Y., Shah S., Qiao L.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2007
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vol. 55
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issue 4
205-217
EN
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in antitumor immunity. Induction of tumor-specific CTLs is one major strategy for tumor immunotherapy. However, therapeutic vaccinations used to treat firmly established tumors are generally ineffective. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to CTL-based therapeutic vaccination is very important in the tumor immunology field. There are two main mechanisms by which tumors develop resistance to CTL-based therapeutic vaccinations. One is that tumors induce peripheral tolerance of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. The other is that tumor cells themselves develop immune evasion mechanisms to prevent recognition and killing by CTLs. This review focuses on recently reported cellular and molecular mechanisms of CD8+ T cell tolerance and immune evasion in tumors and discusses about the possibilities to improve tumor immunotherapy.
4

Active vaccination after allogeneic bone marrow cell transplantation: a new option in the immunotherapy cancer?

100%
Zoller M., Matzku S.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 50
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issue 3
197-224
EN
The concept of immunotherapy of cancer has been evoked more than a century ago by W. Coley. Yet, it is only recently that the state of knowledge allows for molecularly defined therapeutic approaches and much effort will still be required to place immunotherapy beside of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation as a forth option. In this review, we will strongly focus on two aspects: active therapeutic vaccination, because it is our belief that this approach will provide a major breakthrough and the potential efficacy of combining active vaccination with allogeneic bone marrow cell transplantation. It lately could be established in clinical trials that allogeneic bone marrow cell transplantation does not require myeloablative conditioning. Only non-myeloabaltive conditioning, which avoids the high toxicity of the conventional approach, allows the recruitment of elderly patients and patients in poor health condition. Concerning active vaccination protocols we will address the questions 1) what the targets (i.e. the antigens) of immunotherapeutic approaches could be; 2) how to achieve an optimal confrontation of the immune system with these tumor-associated antigens; and 3) which response elements are needed for raising a therapeutically successful immune reaction against these. Many question remain to be answered in the field of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after non-myelablative conditioning to optimize the therapeutic setting for this likely very powerfull tool of cancer therapy. We will briefly summarize current considerations to improve engraftment, to reduce graft versus host disease while strengthening graft versus tumor reactivity. There is some hope that the latter can be 'naturally' maintained during the process of T cell maturation in the allogeneic host. Provided this hypothesis can be substantiated, the efficacy of active vaccination of the allogeneically reconstituted host will meet a pool of virgin T cells, which are tolerant towards the host, but not anergized towards tumor antigens presented by MHC molecules of the host. We only briefly will mention suportive regimen of immunomodulation and those hazards which one is most frequently confronted with in trials to attack tumors with the inherent weapon of immune defense. Though successful immunotherapy of cancer still remains far behind expectation, there is a solid basis to believe that by improving our understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity, it may become a very powerful and less harmful tool than conventional therapies.
5

Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases

88%
Overbeck S., Rink L., Haase H.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2008
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vol. 56
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issue 1
15-30
EN
Zinc is required for multiple cellular tasks, and especially the immune system depends on a sufficient availability of this essential trace element. During the last decades, many studies attempted to affect the outcome of various diseases by zinc supplementation. These efforts either aimed at supporting immunity by zinc administration or at correcting a loss of zinc secondary to the disease to restore the zinc-dependent functions of the immune system. This review aims to summarize the respective findings and to discuss possible molecular mechanisms by which zinc could influence viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, and the response to vaccination. Zinc supplementation in diseases such as diarrhea, chronic hepatitis C, shigellosis, leprosy, tuberculosis, pneumonia, acute lower respiratory infection, and leishmaniasis seems beneficial. In contrast, the results for the common cold and malaria are still not conclusive, and zinc was ineffective in most vaccination and rheumatoid arthritis studies. For AIDS and type 1 diabetes, zinc supplementation may even be a risk factor for increased mortality or deterioration of the glucose metabolism, respectively. In these cases, zinc supplementation should be used with care and limited to clearly zinc-deficient individuals.
6

Preventing staphylococcal disease by disarming the immune responses to infection

75%
Tarkowski A.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2000
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vol. 48
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issue 1
21-26
EN
Use of experimental models of staphylococcal infections clarified several bacterial virulence factors as well as many hematopoetic cell types and their products that are involved in the pathogenesis of infection. For many decades it has been believed that antibody mediated response to staphylococci and their products was the major, if not the only one, hallmark of immune reactivity during infection. Recent studies have documented that T cell mediated responses to superantigens produced by staphylococci are not only prominent but also decisive with respect to sequels. Also the nonantigen specific immune responsiveness to staphylococcal infection is reviewed including roles of neutrophils, complement system and nitric oxide. The knowledge gained regarding staphylococcal virulence factors and the host immune responses has prompted researchers to develop new strategies how to interact in vivo witl the infectious process. Some of these approaches are commented in this review regarding e. g. vaccination procedures in order to prevent severe infections as well as therapeutic procedures to minimize organ damage during an ongoing infectious process.
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