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EN
Electrical and optical properties of TiO2:Pd thin films deposited from Ti-Pd mosaic targets sputtered in reactive oxygen plasma have been studied. The properties were investigated for thin films with the Pd amount of 5.5 at. %, 8.4 at. % and 23 at. %. Based on resistivity measurements a drop from 103 down to almost 10−3Ωcm has been recorded when the Pd amount was varied from 5.5 at. % to 23 at. %, respectively. Moreover, it was shown that doping with different amounts of Pd results in the possibility of obtaining both types of electrical conduction: n-type for the TiO2 with 5.5 at. % and 8.4 at. % of Pd and p-type for the TiO2 with 23 at. % of Pd thin films. From optical measurements it has been found that as the Pd amount was increased the transmission through the thin films was reduced and position of the fundamental absorption edge was shifted toward a longer wavelength range of up to 600 nm. The optical band gap was calculated for direct and indirect transitions from optical absorption spectra. Structural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The XRD patterns displayed occurrence of the crystalline, TiO2-rutile for lower Pd amounts (5.5 at. %, 8.4 at. %), while the TiO2:Pd (23 at. %) thin films displayed XRD-amorphous behaviour. Images obtained from AFM displayed dense, nanocrystalline structure with homogenous distribution of crystallites. Additionally performed secondary ion mass spectroscopy investigation confirmed homogenous distribution of Pd in the whole thickness of the prepared thin films.
EN
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is one of the most controversial compression (vascular and neurogenic) syndromes both due to the fact it is difficult to diagnose and because of the lack of generally accepted standard procedures. It is estimated that this condition occurs in 10 out of 100 000 people, while clinical examinations reveal that arterial symptoms are more common than neurogenic ones. This work presents a pathogenesis of the functional type of the syndrome with regard to contemporary studies analysing the effects of currently applied forms of conservative treatment. The study presents arguments concerning the significance of proper diagnosis which makes it possible to individualise the therapy according to current trends in rehabilitation mentioned in the available literature and resulting from the authors’ own experience.
PL
Zespół Górnego Otworu Klatki Piersiowej (Thoracic Outlet Syndrom, TOS) jest jednym z najbardziej kontrowersyjnych mieszanych zespołów uciskowych (naczyniowo-nerwowych) zarówno ze względu na trudności diagnostyczne jak i brak ogólnie przyjętych standardowych algorytmów postępowania. Ocenia się, iż ta jednostka chorobowa występuje u 10 na 100 000 osób, a w obrazie klinicznym odnotowuje się przewagę objawów naczyniowych nad neurogennymi. W pracy przedstawiono patogenezę funkcjonalnej odmiany zespołu uwzględniając współczesne doniesienia związane z efektami obecnie podejmowanych kierunków postępowania leczenia zachowawczego. Przytoczono argumentację dotyczącą znaczenia poprawnej diagnostyki i wynikającej z niej możliwości zindywidualizowania terapii zgodnej z aktualnie preferowanymi kierunkami postępowania rehabilitacyjnego funkcjonującymi w dostępnej literaturze, jak również wynikającej z własnych wieloletnich doświadczeń.
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