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Strength profile in young male athletes from different sports

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Buśko K., Gajewski J., Mazur-Różycka J., Michalski R., Łach P.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
77-83
EN
Study aim: The aim of the present study was to determine a strength profile which characterizes young male athletes from different sports and to use the method of allometry to synthetically evaluate the muscular strength with respect to body mass. Material and methods: The study included 85 men who practiced taekwondo (8 subjects), 20 judoists, 10 weightlifters, 35 canoeists and 12 speed skaters. Measurements of maximal muscle torques in 10 groups of flexors and extensors of the elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and trunk were carried out in a testing station for muscle torque measurements under static conditions. In order to determine the relationships between the body mass and muscle torques in each muscle group, the authors used a procedure of linear regression for the data expressed as logarithms. Hence, the allometric relationship scaled with body mass was obtained. Results: The study demonstrated that the mean values of logarithms of maximal muscle torques are significantly different for the representatives of individual sports and they depend on the logarithm of body mass. The analysis of residuals was employed for the evaluation of maximal muscle torques. The highest strength profiles were observed in athletes who practice judo and the lowest in those who represented weightlifting and taekwondo. Conclusion: The authors propose to use an allometric relationship which takes body mass into consideration during evaluation of strength in individual muscle groups, because the values of muscle torques are not in direct proportion to body mass and their mutual proportions change with an increase in body mass.
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Alternating Consecutive Maximum Contraction as a Test of Muscle Function in Athletes Following ACL Reconstruction

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Knezevic O. M., Mirkov D. M., Kadija M., Milovanovic D., Jaric S.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 35
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issue 1
5-13
EN
The novel test based on isometric alternating consecutive maximal contractions performed by two antagonistic muscles has been recently proposed as a test of muscle function in healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate reliability and sensitivity of a novel test as a test of knee muscles function in athletes recovering from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Fifteen male athletes with recent ligament reconstruction (4.0 ± 0.1 months following the surgery) and 15 sport and physical education students participated in the study. Peak torques of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles assessed both through the alternating consecutive maximal contractions and standard isokinetic test performed at 60 º/s and 180 º/s served for calculation of the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio and the bilateral difference in strength. When applied on individuals recovering from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, the novel test revealed a high within-day reliability and sensitivity for detecting imbalances both between antagonistic and between contralateral muscles. The present findings suggest that alternating consecutive maximal contractions could be used as a test of muscle function that is either complementary or alternative to the isokinetic test, particularly in the laboratories where the isokinetic devices are not available. Potential advantages of the novel test could be both a brief testing procedure and a possibility to conduct it using relatively inexpensive devices such as custom made kits containing a single one-axis force transducer.
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The Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training Follow a Specific Detraining Cycle in Young School Girls

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Santos A., Marinho D., Costa A., Izquierdo M., Marques M.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 29A
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issue Special Issue
93-103
EN
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an 8-week training period of strength training alone (GR), or combined strength and endurance training (GCOM), followed by 12-weeks of de-training (DT) on body composition, power strength and VO2max adaptations in a schooled group of adolescent girls. Methods: Sixty-seven healthy girls recruited from a Portuguese public high school (age: 13.5±1.03 years, from 7th and 9th grade) were divided into three experimental groups to train twice a week for 8 wks: GR (n=21), GCOM (n=25) and a control group (GC: n=21; no training program). Anthropometric parameters variables as well as performance variables (strength and aerobic fitness) were assessed. Results: No significant training-induced differences were observed in 1kg and 3kg medicine ball throw gains (2.7 to 10.8%) between GR and GCOM groups, whereas no significant changes were observed after a DT period in any of the experimental groups. Significant training-induced gains in CMVJ (8 to 12%) and CMSLJ (0.8 to 5.4%) were observed in the experimental groups. Time of 20m significantly decreased (GR: -11.5% and GCOM: -10%) after both treatment periods, whereas only the GR group kept the running speed after a DT period of 12 weeks. After training VO2max increased only slightly for GCOM (4.0%). No significant changes were observed after the DT period in all groups, except to GCOM in CMVJ and CMSLJ. Conclusion: Performing simultaneous strength and endurance training in the same workout does not appear to negatively influence power strength and aerobic fitness development in adolescent girls. Indeed, concurrent strength and endurance training seems to be an effective, well-rounded exercise program that can be prescribed as a means to improve initial or general strength in healthy school girls. De-training period was not sufficient to reduce the overall training effects.
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